python工具庫介紹-xlwt建立xls檔案(excel)
簡介
參考資料：
下載地址：ofollow,noindex">xlwt
官方網址：http://www.python-excel.org/
介紹膠片：http://www.simplistix.co.uk/presentations/python-excel.pdf
檔案備份地址：qq群：630011153
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快速入門
下面例子，建立一個名為mini.xls的檔案，它有一個空sheet：'xlwt was here'。程式碼見mini.py。
from xlwt import *
w = Workbook()
ws = w.add_sheet('xlwt was here')
w.save('mini.xls')
Workbook類初始化時有encoding和style_compression引數。
encoding，設定字元編碼，一般要這樣設定：w = Workbook(encoding='utf-8')，就可以在excel中輸出中文了。預設是ascii。當然要記得在檔案頭部新增：
#!/usr/bin/env python3 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
style_compression表示是否壓縮，不常用。
Workbook還有一些屬性：
Owner設定文件所有者。
country_code：國家碼
wnd_protect：視窗保護
obj_protect：物件保護
Protect：保護
backup_on_save：儲存時備份
Hpos：橫座標
Vpos：縱座標
Width：寬度
Height：高度
active_sheet：活動sheet
tab_width：tab寬度
wnd_visible：視窗是否可見
wnd_mini：視窗最小化
hscroll_visible：橫向滾動條是否可見。
vscroll_visible：縱向滾動條是否可見。
tabs_visible：tab是否可見。
dates_1904：是否使用1904日期系統
use_cell_values：單元格的值
default_style：預設樣式
colour_RGB：顏色
比如設定國家碼，程式碼：country.py：
from xlwt import *
w = Workbook()
w.country_code = 61
ws = w.add_sheet('AU')
w.save('country.xls')
方法有：add_style，add_font，add_str，del_str，str_index，add_rt，rt_index，add_sheet，get_sheet，raise_bad_sheetname，convert_sheetindex，setup_xcall，add_sheet_reference。
插入圖片
add_sheet會返回一個Worksheet類。建立的時候有可選引數cell_overwrite_ok，表示是否可以覆蓋單元格，其實是Worksheet例項化的一個引數，預設值是False。
Worksheet初始化的引數有sheetname，parent_book，cell_overwrite_ok。
Worksheet的屬性有：Row，Column，explicit_magn_setting（預設False），visibility（預設0），split_position_units_are_twips（預設False），row_default_height_mismatch，row_default_hidden，row_default_space_above，row_default_space_below，last_used_row，first_used_row，last_used_col，row_tempfile。以上屬性類定義中。
函式構成的屬性有：name，parent（只讀），rows（只讀），cols（只讀），merged_ranges（只讀），bmp_rec（只讀），show_formulas，show_grid，show_headers，panes_frozen，auto_colour_grid，cols_right_to_left，show_outline，remove_splits，selected，sheet_visible，page_preview，first_visible_row，first_visible_col，grid_colour，preview_magn，normal_magn，scl_magn，vert_split_pos，horz_split_pos，vert_split_first_visible，horz_split_first_visible，show_auto_page_breaks，dialogue_sheet，auto_style_outline，outline_below，outline_right，fit_num_pages，show_row_outline，show_col_outline，alt_expr_eval，alt_formula_entries，row_default_height，col_default_width，calc_mode，calc_count，RC_ref_mode，iterations_on，delta，save_recalc，print_headers，print_grid，vert_page_breaks，horz_page_breaks，header_str，footer_str，print_centered_vert，print_centered_horz，left_margin，right_margin，top_margin，bottom_margin，paper_size_code，print_scaling，start_page_number，fit_width_to_pages，fit_height_to_pages，print_in_rows，portrait，print_colour，print_draft，print_notes，print_notes_at_end，print_omit_errors，print_hres，print_vres，header_margin，footer_margin，copies_num，wnd_protect，obj_protect，protect，scen_protect，password。
方法有：get_parent，write，write_rich_text，merge，write_merge，insert_bitmap，col，row，row_height，col_width。
下面例子使用 insert_bitmap來插入圖片。程式碼：image.py：
from xlwt import *，
w = Workbook()
ws = w.add_sheet('Image')
ws.insert_bitmap('python.bmp', 2, 2)
ws.insert_bitmap('python.bmp', 10, 2)
w.save('image.xls')
設定樣式
下面例子改變字型的高度。程式碼：row_styles.py：
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright (C) 2005 Kiseliov Roman
from xlwt import *
w = Workbook(encoding='utf-8')
ws = w.add_sheet('Hey, Dude')
for i in range(6, 80):
fnt = Font()
fnt.height = i*20
style = XFStyle()
style.font = fnt
ws.write(i, 1, '武岡')
ws.row(i).set_style(style)
w.save('row_styles.xls')
XFStyle用於設定字型樣式，有描述字串num_format_str，字型font，居中alignment，邊界borders，模式pattern，保護protection等屬性。另外還可以不寫單元格，直接設定格式，比如程式碼row_styles_empty：
from pyExcelerator import * w = Workbook() ws = w.add_sheet('Hey, Dude') for i in range(6, 80): fnt = Font() fnt.height = i*20 style = XFStyle() style.font = fnt ws.row(i).set_style(style) w.save('row_styles_empty.xls')
設定列寬：ws.col(i).width = 0x0d00 + i
公式
Formula方法可以生成公式，注意Formula中的公式是不需要等號的。下面例子simple.py輸出了紅色的”Test”，並在第3行包含了公式。
import xlwt
from datetime import datetime
font0 = xlwt.Font()
font0.name = 'Times New Roman'
font0.colour_index = 2
font0.bold = True
style0 = xlwt.XFStyle()
style0.font = font0
style1 = xlwt.XFStyle()
style1.num_format_str = 'D-MMM-YY'
wb = xlwt.Workbook()
ws = wb.add_sheet('A Test Sheet')
ws.write(0, 0, 'Test', style0)
ws.write(1, 0, datetime.now(), style1)
ws.write(2, 0, 1)
ws.write(2, 1, 1)
ws.write(2, 2, xlwt.Formula("A3+B3"))
wb.save('example.xls')
這裡另有一個公式的例項parse-fmla.py：
from xlwt import ExcelFormulaParser, ExcelFormula import sys f = ExcelFormula.Formula( """ -((1.80 + 2.898 * 1)/(1.80 + 2.898))* AVERAGE((1.80 + 2.898 * 1)/(1.80 + 2.898); (1.80 + 2.898 * 1)/(1.80 + 2.898); (1.80 + 2.898 * 1)/(1.80 + 2.898)) + SIN(PI()/4)""")
合併單元格
write_merge可以合併單元格, 注意1,2個引數表示行數，3,4的引數表示列數。例項：merged0.py。
from xlwt import *
wb = Workbook()
ws0 = wb.add_sheet('sheet0')
fnt = Font()
fnt.name = 'Arial'
fnt.colour_index = 4
fnt.bold = True
borders = Borders()
borders.left = 6
borders.right = 6
borders.top = 6
borders.bottom = 6
style = XFStyle()
style.font = fnt
style.borders = borders
ws0.write_merge(3, 3, 1, 5, 'test1', style)
ws0.write_merge(4, 10, 1, 5, 'test2', style)
ws0.col(1).width = 0x0d00
wb.save('merged0.xls')
日期格式
XFStyle類的num_format_str屬性可以設定數值的輸出格式，也對日期生效。日期格式的例項, 程式碼：dates.py
from xlwt import *
from datetime import datetime
w = Workbook()
ws = w.add_sheet('Hey, Dude')
fmts = [
'M/D/YY',
'D-MMM-YY',
'D-MMM',
'MMM-YY',
'h:mm AM/PM',
'h:mm:ss AM/PM',
'h:mm',
'h:mm:ss',
'M/D/YY h:mm',
'mm:ss',
'[h]:mm:ss',
'mm:ss.0',
]
i = 0
for fmt in fmts:
ws.write(i, 0, fmt)
style = XFStyle()
style.num_format_str = fmt
ws.write(i, 4, datetime.now(), style)
i += 1
w.save('dates.xls')
邊框
Borders類的left，right，bottom，top屬性分別可以設定左右低高的邊框，Font類的name可以設定字型型別，struck_out為是否新增刪除線，bold為是否為粗體，下面展示了不同邊框和刪除樣式的字型, 程式碼blanks.py：
from xlwt import *
font0 = Font()
font0.name = 'Times New Roman'
font0.struck_out = True
font0.bold = True
style0 = XFStyle()
style0.font = font0
wb = Workbook()
ws0 = wb.add_sheet('0')
ws0.write(1, 1, 'Test', style0)
for i in range(0, 0x53):
borders = Borders()
borders.left = i
borders.right = i
borders.top = i
borders.bottom = i
style = XFStyle()
style.borders = borders
ws0.write(i, 2, '', style)
ws0.write(i, 3, hex(i), style0)
ws0.write_merge(5, 8, 6, 10, "")
wb.save('blanks.xls')
字型顏色
Font中的colour_index可以設定顏色，下面展示了不同顏色的字型，可以作為顏色參考, 程式碼format.py：
from xlwt import *
font0 = Font()
font0.name = 'Times New Roman'
font0.struck_out = True
font0.bold = True
style0 = XFStyle()
style0.font = font0
wb = Workbook()
ws0 = wb.add_sheet('0')
ws0.write(1, 1, 'Test', style0)
for i in range(0, 0x53):
fnt = Font()
fnt.name = 'Arial'
fnt.colour_index = i
fnt.outline = True
borders = Borders()
borders.left = i
style = XFStyle()
style.font = fnt
style.borders = borders
ws0.write(i, 2, 'colour', style)
ws0.write(i, 3, hex(i), style0)
wb.save('format.xls')
超級連結
Formula中的可以插入HYPERLINK超級連結，程式碼hyperlinks.py：
from xlwt import *
f = Font()
f.height = 20*72
f.name = 'Verdana'
f.bold = True
f.underline = Font.UNDERLINE_DOUBLE
f.colour_index = 4
h_style = XFStyle()
h_style.font = f
w = Workbook()
ws = w.add_sheet('F')
##############
## NOTE: parameters are separated by semicolon!!!
##############
n = "HYPERLINK"
ws.write_merge(1, 1, 1, 10, Formula(n + '("http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1000.pdf";"f1000.pdf")'), h_style)
ws.write_merge(2, 2, 2, 25, Formula(n + '("mailto:[email protected]?subject=pyExcelerator-feedback&Body=Hello,%20Roman!";"pyExcelerator-feedback")'), h_style)
w.save("hyperlinks.xls")
編碼
在沒有指定編碼的情況下，也可以通過unicode輸出字元，不過這樣比較費勁，建議還是使用utf-8編碼，程式碼unicode1.py：
from xlwt import *
w = Workbook()
ws1 = w.add_sheet(u'\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA}\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA}\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA}')
ws1.write(0, 0, u'\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA}\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA}\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER GAMMA}')
ws1.write(1, 1, u'\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA}x = 1 + \N{GREEK SMALL LETTER DELTA}')
ws1.write(2,0, u'A\u2262\u0391.')# RFC2152 example
ws1.write(3,0, u'Hi Mom -\u263a-!')# RFC2152 example
ws1.write(4,0, u'\u65E5\u672C\u8A9E') # RFC2152 example
ws1.write(5,0, u'Item 3 is \u00a31.') # RFC2152 example
ws1.write(8,0, u'\N{INTEGRAL}')# RFC2152 example
w.add_sheet(u'A\u2262\u0391.')# RFC2152 example
w.add_sheet(u'Hi Mom -\u263a-!')# RFC2152 example
one_more_ws = w.add_sheet(u'\u65E5\u672C\u8A9E') # RFC2152 example
w.add_sheet(u'Item 3 is \u00a31.') # RFC2152 example
one_more_ws.write(0, 0, u'\u2665\u2665')
w.add_sheet(u'\N{GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA WITH TONOS}')
w.save('unicode1.xls')
凍結
凍結設定panes_frozen為True，然後設定凍結的位置就好。支援行凍結，列凍結及相關的隱藏功能。程式碼：panes.py:
from xlwt import *
w = Workbook()
ws1 = w.add_sheet('sheet 1')
ws2 = w.add_sheet('sheet 2')
ws3 = w.add_sheet('sheet 3')
ws4 = w.add_sheet('sheet 4')
ws5 = w.add_sheet('sheet 5')
ws6 = w.add_sheet('sheet 6')
for i in range(0x100):
ws1.write(i/0x10, i%0x10, i)
for i in range(0x100):
ws2.write(i/0x10, i%0x10, i)
for i in range(0x100):
ws3.write(i/0x10, i%0x10, i)
for i in range(0x100):
ws4.write(i/0x10, i%0x10, i)
for i in range(0x100):
ws5.write(i/0x10, i%0x10, i)
for i in range(0x100):
ws6.write(i/0x10, i%0x10, i)
ws1.panes_frozen = True
ws1.horz_split_pos = 2
ws2.panes_frozen = True
ws2.vert_split_pos = 2
ws3.panes_frozen = True
ws3.horz_split_pos = 1
ws3.vert_split_pos = 1
ws4.panes_frozen = False
ws4.horz_split_pos = 12
ws4.horz_split_first_visible = 2
ws5.panes_frozen = False
ws5.vert_split_pos = 40
ws4.vert_split_first_visible = 2
ws6.panes_frozen = False
ws6.horz_split_pos = 12
ws4.horz_split_first_visible = 2
ws6.vert_split_pos = 40
ws4.vert_split_first_visible = 2
w.save('panes.xls')
數值格式
和日期格式類似，程式碼：num_formats.py：
from xlwt import *
w = Workbook()
ws = w.add_sheet('Hey, Dude')
fmts = [
'general',
'0',
'0.00',
'#,##0',
'#,##0.00',
'"$"#,##0_);("$"#,##',
'"$"#,##0_);[Red]("$"#,##',
'"$"#,##0.00_);("$"#,##',
'"$"#,##0.00_);[Red]("$"#,##',
'0%',
'0.00%',
'0.00E+00',
'# ?/?',
'# ??/??',
'M/D/YY',
'D-MMM-YY',
'D-MMM',
'MMM-YY',
'h:mm AM/PM',
'h:mm:ss AM/PM',
'h:mm',
'h:mm:ss',
'M/D/YY h:mm',
'_(#,##0_);(#,##0)',
'_(#,##0_);[Red](#,##0)',
'_(#,##0.00_);(#,##0.00)',
'_(#,##0.00_);[Red](#,##0.00)',
'_("$"* #,##0_);_("$"* (#,##0);_("$"* "-"_);_(@_)',
'_(* #,##0_);_(* (#,##0);_(* "-"_);_(@_)',
'_("$"* #,##0.00_);_("$"* (#,##0.00);_("$"* "-"??_);_(@_)',
'_(* #,##0.00_);_(* (#,##0.00);_(* "-"??_);_(@_)',
'mm:ss',
'[h]:mm:ss',
'mm:ss.0',
'##0.0E+0',
'@'
]
i = 0
for fmt in fmts:
ws.write(i, 0, fmt)
style = XFStyle()
style.num_format_str = fmt
ws.write(i, 4, -1278.9078, style)
i += 1
w.save('num_formats.xls')
更多公式
Formulas.py有更多公式可供參考：
from xlwt import *
w = Workbook()
ws = w.add_sheet('F')
ws.write(0, 0, Formula("-(1+1)"))
ws.write(1, 0, Formula("-(1+1)/(-2-2)"))
ws.write(2, 0, Formula("-(134.8780789+1)"))
ws.write(3, 0, Formula("-(134.8780789e-10+1)"))
ws.write(4, 0, Formula("-1/(1+1)+9344"))
ws.write(0, 1, Formula("-(1+1)"))
ws.write(1, 1, Formula("-(1+1)/(-2-2)"))
ws.write(2, 1, Formula("-(134.8780789+1)"))
ws.write(3, 1, Formula("-(134.8780789e-10+1)"))
ws.write(4, 1, Formula("-1/(1+1)+9344"))
ws.write(0, 2, Formula("A1*B1"))
ws.write(1, 2, Formula("A2*B2"))
ws.write(2, 2, Formula("A3*B3"))
ws.write(3, 2, Formula("A4*B4*sin(pi()/4)"))
ws.write(4, 2, Formula("A5%*B5*pi()/1000"))
##############
## NOTE: parameters are separated by semicolon!!!
##############
ws.write(5, 2, Formula("C1+C2+C3+C4+C5/(C1+C2+C3+C4/(C1+C2+C3+C4/(C1+C2+C3+C4)+C5)+C5)-20.3e-2"))
ws.write(5, 3, Formula("C1^2"))
ws.write(6, 2, Formula("SUM(C1;C2;;;;;C3;;;C4)"))
ws.write(6, 3, Formula("SUM($A$1:$C$5)"))
ws.write(7, 0, Formula('"lkjljllkllkl"'))
ws.write(7, 1, Formula('"yuyiyiyiyi"'))
ws.write(7, 2, Formula('A8 & B8 & A8'))
ws.write(8, 2, Formula('now()'))
ws.write(10, 2, Formula('TRUE'))
ws.write(11, 2, Formula('FALSE'))
ws.write(12, 3, Formula('IF(A1>A2;3;"hkjhjkhk")'))
w.save('formulas.xls')
保護
from xlwt import *
fnt = Font()
fnt.name = 'Arial'
fnt.colour_index = 4
fnt.bold = True
borders = Borders()
borders.left = 6
borders.right = 6
borders.top = 6
borders.bottom = 6
style = XFStyle()
style.font = fnt
style.borders = borders
wb = Workbook()
ws0 = wb.add_sheet('Rows Outline')
ws0.write_merge(1, 1, 1, 5, 'test 1', style)
ws0.write_merge(2, 2, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws0.write_merge(3, 3, 1, 3, 'test 2', style)
ws0.write_merge(4, 4, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws0.write_merge(5, 5, 1, 4, 'test 3', style)
ws0.write_merge(6, 6, 1, 5, 'test 1', style)
ws0.write_merge(7, 7, 1, 5, 'test 4', style)
ws0.write_merge(8, 8, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws0.write_merge(9, 9, 1, 3, 'test 5', style)
ws0.row(1).level = 1
ws0.row(2).level = 1
ws0.row(3).level = 2
ws0.row(4).level = 2
ws0.row(5).level = 2
ws0.row(6).level = 2
ws0.row(7).level = 2
ws0.row(8).level = 1
ws0.row(9).level = 1
ws1 = wb.add_sheet('Columns Outline')
ws1.write_merge(1, 1, 1, 5, 'test 1', style)
ws1.write_merge(2, 2, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws1.write_merge(3, 3, 1, 3, 'test 2', style)
ws1.write_merge(4, 4, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws1.write_merge(5, 5, 1, 4, 'test 3', style)
ws1.write_merge(6, 6, 1, 5, 'test 1', style)
ws1.write_merge(7, 7, 1, 5, 'test 4', style)
ws1.write_merge(8, 8, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws1.write_merge(9, 9, 1, 3, 'test 5', style)
ws1.col(1).level = 1
ws1.col(2).level = 1
ws1.col(3).level = 2
ws1.col(4).level = 2
ws1.col(5).level = 2
ws1.col(6).level = 2
ws1.col(7).level = 2
ws1.col(8).level = 1
ws1.col(9).level = 1
ws2 = wb.add_sheet('Rows and Columns Outline')
ws2.write_merge(1, 1, 1, 5, 'test 1', style)
ws2.write_merge(2, 2, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws2.write_merge(3, 3, 1, 3, 'test 2', style)
ws2.write_merge(4, 4, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws2.write_merge(5, 5, 1, 4, 'test 3', style)
ws2.write_merge(6, 6, 1, 5, 'test 1', style)
ws2.write_merge(7, 7, 1, 5, 'test 4', style)
ws2.write_merge(8, 8, 1, 4, 'test 1', style)
ws2.write_merge(9, 9, 1, 3, 'test 5', style)
ws2.row(1).level = 1
ws2.row(2).level = 1
ws2.row(3).level = 2
ws2.row(4).level = 2
ws2.row(5).level = 2
ws2.row(6).level = 2
ws2.row(7).level = 2
ws2.row(8).level = 1
ws2.row(9).level = 1
ws2.col(1).level = 1
ws2.col(2).level = 1
ws2.col(3).level = 2
ws2.col(4).level = 2
ws2.col(5).level = 2
ws2.col(6).level = 2
ws2.col(7).level = 2
ws2.col(8).level = 1
ws2.col(9).level = 1
ws0.protect = True
ws0.wnd_protect = True
ws0.obj_protect = True
ws0.scen_protect = True
ws0.password = "123456"
ws1.protect = True
ws1.wnd_protect = True
ws1.obj_protect = True
ws1.scen_protect = True
ws1.password = "abcdefghij"
ws2.protect = True
ws2.wnd_protect = True
ws2.obj_protect = True
ws2.scen_protect = True
ws2.password = "ok"
wb.protect = True
wb.wnd_protect = True
wb.obj_protect = True
wb.save('protection.xls')
綜合例項
下面程式xlwt_easyxf_simple_demo.py的write_xls對輸出xls進行了一定封裝，比較有實用意義。
import xlwt
import datetime
ezxf = xlwt.easyxf
def write_xls(file_name, sheet_name, headings, data, heading_xf, data_xfs):
book = xlwt.Workbook()
sheet = book.add_sheet(sheet_name)
rowx = 0
for colx, value in enumerate(headings):
sheet.write(rowx, colx, value, heading_xf)
sheet.set_panes_frozen(True) # frozen headings instead of split panes
sheet.set_horz_split_pos(rowx+1) # in general, freeze after last heading row
sheet.set_remove_splits(True) # if user does unfreeze, don't leave a split there
for row in data:
rowx += 1
for colx, value in enumerate(row):
sheet.write(rowx, colx, value, data_xfs[colx])
book.save(file_name)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
mkd = datetime.date
hdngs = ['Date', 'Stock Code', 'Quantity', 'Unit Price', 'Value', 'Message']
kinds ='datetextintpricemoneytext'.split()
data = [
[mkd(2007, 7, 1), 'ABC', 1000, 1.234567, 1234.57, ''],
[mkd(2007, 12, 31), 'XYZ', -100, 4.654321, -465.43, 'Goods returned'],
] + [
[mkd(2008, 6, 30), 'PQRCD', 100, 2.345678, 234.57, ''],
] * 100
heading_xf = ezxf('font: bold on; align: wrap on, vert centre, horiz center')
kind_to_xf_map = {
'date': ezxf(num_format_str='yyyy-mm-dd'),
'int': ezxf(num_format_str='#,##0'),
'money': ezxf('font: italic on; pattern: pattern solid, fore-colour grey25',
num_format_str='$#,##0.00'),
'price': ezxf(num_format_str='#0.000000'),
'text': ezxf(),
}
data_xfs = [kind_to_xf_map[k] for k in kinds]
write_xls('xlwt_easyxf_simple_demo.xls', 'Demo', hdngs, data, heading_xf, data_xfs)