Mysql ==》 多表查詢
阿新 • • 發佈：2017-09-10
相同 ext 右連接 連接查詢 val nav 信息 出了 set 
主要內容：
1.多表連接查詢
2.符合條件連接查詢
3.子查詢
4.綜合練習
插入數據庫，準備表。
#建表 create table department( id int, name varchar(20) ); create table employee( id int primary key auto_increment, name varchar(20), sex enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) not null default ‘male‘, age int, dep_id int ); #插入數據 insert into department values (200,‘技術‘), (201,‘人力資源‘), (202,‘銷售‘), (203,‘運營‘); insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values (‘egon‘,‘male‘,18,200), (‘alex‘,‘female‘,48,201), (‘wupeiqi‘,‘male‘,38,201), (‘yuanhao‘,‘female‘,28,202), (‘liwenzhou‘,‘male‘,18,200), (‘jingliyang‘,‘female‘,18,204) ; #查看表結構和數據 mysql> desc department; +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ | id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | +-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+ mysql> desc employee; +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra | +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ | id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment | | name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | | | sex | enum(‘male‘,‘female‘) | NO | | male | | | age | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | | dep_id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | | +--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+ mysql> select * from department; +------+--------------+ | id | name | +------+--------------+ | 200 | 技術 | | 201 | 人力資源 | | 202 | 銷售 | | 203 | 運營 | +------+--------------+ mysql> select * from employee; +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+
一：多表連接查詢
1重點： 外鏈接語法 select 字段列表 from 表1 insert|left|right join 表2 on 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;
(1) 交叉連接： 不適用任何匹配條件。生成笛卡兒積
mysql> select * from employee,department; +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技術 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 銷售 | | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 運營 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 200 | 技術 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 202 | 銷售 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 203 | 運營 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 200 | 技術 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 202 | 銷售 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 203 | 運營 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 200 | 技術 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 銷售 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 203 | 運營 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技術 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 202 | 銷售 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 203 | 運營 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 200 | 技術 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 202 | 銷售 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | 203 | 運營 | +----+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
(2) 內連接：只連接匹配的行
#找兩張表共有的部分，相當於利用條件從笛卡爾積結果中篩選出了正確的結果 #department沒有204這個部門，因而employee表中關於204這條員工信息沒有匹配出來 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ | id | name | age | sex | name | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 18 | male | 技術 | | 2 | alex | 48 | female | 人力資源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 38 | male | 人力資源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 28 | female | 銷售 | | 5 | liwenzhou | 18 | male | 技術 | +----+-----------+------+--------+--------------+ #上述sql等同於 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;
(3) 外鏈接之左連接：優先顯示左表全部記錄
#以左表為準，即找出所有員工信息，當然包括沒有部門的員工 #本質就是：在內連接的基礎上增加左邊有右邊沒有的結果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +----+------------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | +----+------------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 技術 | | 5 | liwenzhou | 技術 | | 2 | alex | 人力資源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力資源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 銷售 | | 6 | jingliyang | NULL | +----+------------+--------------+
(4) 外鏈接之右連接：優先顯示右表全部記錄
#以右表為準，即找出所有部門信息，包括沒有員工的部門 #本質就是：在內連接的基礎上增加右邊有左邊沒有的結果 mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id; +------+-----------+--------------+ | id | name | depart_name | +------+-----------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | 技術 | | 2 | alex | 人力資源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | 人力資源 | | 4 | yuanhao | 銷售 | | 5 | liwenzhou | 技術 | | NULL | NULL | 運營 | +------+-----------+--------------+
(5) 全外連接：顯示左右兩個表全部記錄
全外連接：在內連接的基礎上增加左邊有右邊沒有的和右邊有左邊沒有的結果 #註意：mysql不支持全外連接 full JOIN #強調：mysql可以使用此種方式間接實現全外連接 select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id union select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id ; #查看結果 +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | id | name | sex | age | dep_id | id | name | +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ | 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技術 | | 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 | 200 | 技術 | | 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 | 201 | 人力資源 | | 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 | 202 | 銷售 | | 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 | NULL | NULL | | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 運營 | +------+------------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+ #註意 union與union all的區別：union會去掉相同的紀錄
二：符合條件連接查詢
#示例1：以內連接的方式查詢employee和department表，並且employee表中的age字段值必須大於25,即找出公司所有部門中年齡大於25歲的員工
select employee.name,employee.age from employee,department
where employee.dep_id = department.id
and age > 25;
#示例2：以內連接的方式查詢employee和department表，並且以age字段的升序方式顯示
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
where employee.dep_id = department.id
and age > 25
order by age asc;
三：子查詢
#1：子查詢是將一個查詢語句嵌套在另一個查詢語句中。 #2：內層查詢語句的查詢結果，可以為外層查詢語句提供查詢條件。 #3：子查詢中可以包含：IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等關鍵字 #4：還可以包含比較運算符：= 、 !=、> 、<等
1.帶 in 關鍵字的子查詢
#查詢employee表，但dep_id必須在department表中出現過
select * from employee
where dep_id in
(select id from department);
2.帶 比較運算符的子查詢
#比較運算符：=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
#查詢平均年齡在25歲以上的部門名
select id,name from department
where id in
(select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);
#查看技術部員工姓名
select name from employee
where dep_id in
(select id from department where name=‘技術‘);
#查看不足1人的部門名
select name from department
where id in
(select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having count(id) <=1);
3.帶 exists 關鍵字的子查詢
EXISTS關字鍵字表示存在。在使用EXISTS關鍵字時，內層查詢語句不返回查詢的記錄。
而是返回一個真假值。True或False
當返回True時，外層查詢語句將進行查詢；當返回值為False時，外層查詢語句不進行查詢
#department表中存在dept_id=203，Ture
mysql> select * from employee
-> where exists
-> (select id from department where id=200);
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name | sex | age | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 1 | egon | male | 18 | 200 |
| 2 | alex | female | 48 | 201 |
| 3 | wupeiqi | male | 38 | 201 |
| 4 | yuanhao | female | 28 | 202 |
| 5 | liwenzhou | male | 18 | 200 |
| 6 | jingliyang | female | 18 | 204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
#department表中存在dept_id=205，False
mysql> select * from employee
-> where exists
-> (select id from department where id=204);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
四：綜合練習
init.sql文件內容
/* 數據導入： Navicat Premium Data Transfer Source Server : localhost Source Server Type : MySQL Source Server Version : 50624 Source Host : localhost Source Database : sqlexam Target Server Type : MySQL Target Server Version : 50624 File Encoding : utf-8 Date: 10/21/2016 06:46:46 AM */ SET NAMES utf8; SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0; -- ---------------------------- -- Table structure for `class` -- ---------------------------- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`; CREATE TABLE `class` ( `cid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `caption` varchar(32) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`cid`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ---------------------------- -- Records of `class` -- ---------------------------- BEGIN; INSERT INTO `class` VALUES (‘1‘, ‘三年二班‘), (‘2‘, ‘三年三班‘), (‘3‘, ‘一年二班‘), (‘4‘, ‘二年九班‘); COMMIT; -- ---------------------------- -- Table structure for `course` -- ---------------------------- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `course`; CREATE TABLE `course` ( `cid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `cname` varchar(32) NOT NULL, `teacher_id` int(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`cid`), KEY `fk_course_teacher` (`teacher_id`), CONSTRAINT `fk_course_teacher` FOREIGN KEY (`teacher_id`) REFERENCES `teacher` (`tid`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ---------------------------- -- Records of `course` -- ---------------------------- BEGIN; INSERT INTO `course` VALUES (‘1‘, ‘生物‘, ‘1‘), (‘2‘, ‘物理‘, ‘2‘), (‘3‘, ‘體育‘, ‘3‘), (‘4‘, ‘美術‘, ‘2‘); COMMIT; -- ---------------------------- -- Table structure for `score` -- ---------------------------- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `score`; CREATE TABLE `score` ( `sid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `student_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `course_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `num` int(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`sid`), KEY `fk_score_student` (`student_id`), KEY `fk_score_course` (`course_id`), CONSTRAINT `fk_score_course` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `course` (`cid`), CONSTRAINT `fk_score_student` FOREIGN KEY (`student_id`) REFERENCES `student` (`sid`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=53 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ---------------------------- -- Records of `score` -- ---------------------------- BEGIN; INSERT INTO `score` VALUES (‘1‘, ‘1‘, ‘1‘, ‘10‘), (‘2‘, ‘1‘, ‘2‘, ‘9‘), (‘5‘, ‘1‘, ‘4‘, ‘66‘), (‘6‘, ‘2‘, ‘1‘, ‘8‘), (‘8‘, ‘2‘, ‘3‘, ‘68‘), (‘9‘, ‘2‘, ‘4‘, ‘99‘), (‘10‘, ‘3‘, ‘1‘, ‘77‘), (‘11‘, ‘3‘, ‘2‘, ‘66‘), (‘12‘, ‘3‘, ‘3‘, ‘87‘), (‘13‘, ‘3‘, ‘4‘, ‘99‘), (‘14‘, ‘4‘, ‘1‘, ‘79‘), (‘15‘, ‘4‘, ‘2‘, ‘11‘), (‘16‘, ‘4‘, ‘3‘, ‘67‘), (‘17‘, ‘4‘, ‘4‘, ‘100‘), (‘18‘, ‘5‘, ‘1‘, ‘79‘), (‘19‘, ‘5‘, ‘2‘, ‘11‘), (‘20‘, ‘5‘, ‘3‘, ‘67‘), (‘21‘, ‘5‘, ‘4‘, ‘100‘), (‘22‘, ‘6‘, ‘1‘, ‘9‘), (‘23‘, ‘6‘, ‘2‘, ‘100‘), (‘24‘, ‘6‘, ‘3‘, ‘67‘), (‘25‘, ‘6‘, ‘4‘, ‘100‘), (‘26‘, ‘7‘, ‘1‘, ‘9‘), (‘27‘, ‘7‘, ‘2‘, ‘100‘), (‘28‘, ‘7‘, ‘3‘, ‘67‘), (‘29‘, ‘7‘, ‘4‘, ‘88‘), (‘30‘, ‘8‘, ‘1‘, ‘9‘), (‘31‘, ‘8‘, ‘2‘, ‘100‘), (‘32‘, ‘8‘, ‘3‘, ‘67‘), (‘33‘, ‘8‘, ‘4‘, ‘88‘), (‘34‘, ‘9‘, ‘1‘, ‘91‘), (‘35‘, ‘9‘, ‘2‘, ‘88‘), (‘36‘, ‘9‘, ‘3‘, ‘67‘), (‘37‘, ‘9‘, ‘4‘, ‘22‘), (‘38‘, ‘10‘, ‘1‘, ‘90‘), (‘39‘, ‘10‘, ‘2‘, ‘77‘), (‘40‘, ‘10‘, ‘3‘, ‘43‘), (‘41‘, ‘10‘, ‘4‘, ‘87‘), (‘42‘, ‘11‘, ‘1‘, ‘90‘), (‘43‘, ‘11‘, ‘2‘, ‘77‘), (‘44‘, ‘11‘, ‘3‘, ‘43‘), (‘45‘, ‘11‘, ‘4‘, ‘87‘), (‘46‘, ‘12‘, ‘1‘, ‘90‘), (‘47‘, ‘12‘, ‘2‘, ‘77‘), (‘48‘, ‘12‘, ‘3‘, ‘43‘), (‘49‘, ‘12‘, ‘4‘, ‘87‘), (‘52‘, ‘13‘, ‘3‘, ‘87‘); COMMIT; -- ---------------------------- -- Table structure for `student` -- ---------------------------- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`; CREATE TABLE `student` ( `sid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `gender` char(1) NOT NULL, `class_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `sname` varchar(32) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`sid`), KEY `fk_class` (`class_id`), CONSTRAINT `fk_class` FOREIGN KEY (`class_id`) REFERENCES `class` (`cid`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=17 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ---------------------------- -- Records of `student` -- ---------------------------- BEGIN; INSERT INTO `student` VALUES (‘1‘, ‘男‘, ‘1‘, ‘理解‘), (‘2‘, ‘女‘, ‘1‘, ‘鋼蛋‘), (‘3‘, ‘男‘, ‘1‘, ‘張三‘), (‘4‘, ‘男‘, ‘1‘, ‘張一‘), (‘5‘, ‘女‘, ‘1‘, ‘張二‘), (‘6‘, ‘男‘, ‘1‘, ‘張四‘), (‘7‘, ‘女‘, ‘2‘, ‘鐵錘‘), (‘8‘, ‘男‘, ‘2‘, ‘李三‘), (‘9‘, ‘男‘, ‘2‘, ‘李一‘), (‘10‘, ‘女‘, ‘2‘, ‘李二‘), (‘11‘, ‘男‘, ‘2‘, ‘李四‘), (‘12‘, ‘女‘, ‘3‘, ‘如花‘), (‘13‘, ‘男‘, ‘3‘, ‘劉三‘), (‘14‘, ‘男‘, ‘3‘, ‘劉一‘), (‘15‘, ‘女‘, ‘3‘, ‘劉二‘), (‘16‘, ‘男‘, ‘3‘, ‘劉四‘); COMMIT; -- ---------------------------- -- Table structure for `teacher` -- ---------------------------- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `teacher`; CREATE TABLE `teacher` ( `tid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `tname` varchar(32) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`tid`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8; -- ---------------------------- -- Records of `teacher` -- ---------------------------- BEGIN; INSERT INTO `teacher` VALUES (‘1‘, ‘張磊老師‘), (‘2‘, ‘李平老師‘), (‘3‘, ‘劉海燕老師‘), (‘4‘, ‘朱雲海老師‘), (‘5‘, ‘李傑老師‘); COMMIT; SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;View Code
從init.sql文件中導入數據
mysql> create database db1; mysql> use db1; mysql> source /root/init.sql
1、查詢所有的課程的名稱以及對應的任課老師姓名 2、查詢學生表中男女生各有多少人 3、查詢物理成績等於100的學生的姓名 4、查詢平均成績大於八十分的同學的姓名和平均成績 5、查詢所有學生的學號，姓名，選課數，總成績 6、 查詢姓李老師的個數 7、 查詢沒有報李平老師課的學生姓名 8、 查詢物理課程比生物課程高的學生的學號 9、 查詢沒有同時選修物理課程和體育課程的學生姓名 10、查詢掛科超過兩門(包括兩門)的學生姓名和班級 11 、查詢選修了所有課程的學生姓名 12、查詢李平老師教的課程的所有成績記錄 13、查詢全部學生都選修了的課程號和課程名 14、查詢每門課程被選修的次數 15、查詢之選修了一門課程的學生姓名和學號 16、查詢所有學生考出的成績並按從高到低排序（成績去重） 17、查詢平均成績大於85的學生姓名和平均成績 18、查詢生物成績不及格的學生姓名和對應生物分數 19、查詢在所有選修了李平老師課程的學生中，這些課程(李平老師的課程，不是所有課程)平均成績最高的學生姓名 20、查詢每門課程成績最好的前兩名學生姓名 21、查詢不同課程但成績相同的學號，課程號，成績 22、查詢沒學過“葉平”老師課程的學生姓名以及選修的課程名稱； 23、查詢所有選修了學號為1的同學選修過的一門或者多門課程的同學學號和姓名； 24、任課最多的老師中學生單科成績最高的學生姓名View Code
Mysql ==》 多表查詢