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pyhton中的叠代器,生成器及函數式編程

Python生成器 函數式編程

函數定義與調用
#python中如何函數無返回值, 默認返回None;
def 函數名(形參)
函數體
return 返回值

函數名(實參)

#打印返回值
print 函數名
#定義了一個函數
def fun(*args): # 形式參數
print args

#調用函數
fun("python", 12, 0) # 實參

#必選參數
#默認參數
#可變參數----> *args args是元組類型
#關鍵字參數----->**kwargs kwargs是字典類型
函數的形式參數的默認值不要是可變參數;

def add_end(L=[]):  # 默認參數  L = [1,2,3]
    L.append(‘END‘)  # [1,2,3, ‘END‘]
    return L  # return [1,2,3, ‘END‘]

print add_end([1, 2, 3])
print add_end()
print add_end()
print add_end()

測試結果:
技術分享圖片

參數組合時: 必選 > 默認參數 > 可變參數 > 關鍵字參數

def fun(a, b=0, *c, **d):
    print a, b, c, d

fun(1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, c=3, x=2, z=2)

測試結果:
技術分享圖片

測試練習:利用函數定義用戶管理系統

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
info = """"
###########user‘s administration###########
            1.add user
            2.login user
            3.logout user
            4.show users‘messages
            5.exit
"""

userinfor = {
    ‘root‘: {
        ‘name‘: ‘root‘,
        ‘password‘: ‘root‘,
        ‘age‘: 18,
        ‘sex‘: 0,
        ‘email‘: ‘[email protected]‘
    },
}

def createUser():
    user = raw_input("please input username:")
    if user in userinfor:
        print " %s exist!!!" % (user)
    else:
        password = raw_input("*please input password:")
        age = raw_input("*please input age:")
        sex = raw_input("please input sex:<0:male,1:female>")
        if not sex:
            sex = None
        email = raw_input("please input email:")
        if not email:
            email = None

        userinfor[user] = {
            ‘name‘: user,
            ‘password‘: password,
            ‘age‘: age,
            ‘sex‘: sex,
            ‘email‘: email
        }
        print "%s created!!!" % (user)

def userLogin():
    user = raw_input("please input your username:")
    if userinfor.has_key(user):
        password = raw_input("please input your password:")
        if userinfor[user][‘password‘] == password:
            print "%s logined" % (user)
        else:
            print "error:password doesn‘t match!!!"
    else:
        print "error:please create your username!!!"

def userLogout():
    user = raw_input("please input username:")
    if userinfor.has_key(user):
        password = raw_input("please input  password:")
        if userinfor[user][‘password‘] == password:
            userinfor.pop(user)
            print "%s has delet" % (user)
        else:
            print "error:password doesn‘t match!!!"
    else:
        print "error:please input currect username!!!"

def userView():
    print userinfor.items()

def main():
    print info
    while 1:
        choice = raw_input("*please input your choice:")
        if choice == ‘1‘:
            createUser()
        elif choice == ‘2‘:
            userLogin()
        elif choice == ‘3‘:
           userLogout()
        elif choice == ‘4‘:
            userView()
        elif choice == ‘5‘:
            exit(0)
        else:
            print ‘error‘

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

測試結果:
技術分享圖片

利用函數判斷質數
輸入描述:輸入數字,判斷輸入數字以內的所有質數,並輸出。

def isPrime(n):
    for i in range(2, n):
        if n % i == 0:
            return  False
    else:
        return True

n = input(‘N:‘)
print [i for i in range(2,n) if isPrime(i)]

測試結果:
技術分享圖片

叠代器

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
list()

import collections

li = range(3)
#iter()轉化li為叠代對象;
it = li.__iter__()
while True:
    try:
        print it.next()   
    except StopIteration:
        Break

測試結果:
技術分享圖片

測試練習:斐波那契數列
計算的斐波那契數列前10項

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
from collections import Iterable
class Fib(object):數列
    def __init__(self):
        self._a =0
        self._b =1

    def __iter__(self):
        "ob.__iter__()  <==> iter(ob)"
        return self
    def next(self):
        self._a, self._b =self._b, self._a+self._b
        return self._a

f = Fib()
for i,j in enumerate(f):
    if i>9:
        break
print j

測試結果:
技術分享圖片

生成器
1.生成器的第1種實現方式: 列表生成式改為生成器;

In [81]: [i for i in range(5)]
Out[81]: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

In [82]: (i for i in range(5))
Out[82]: <generator object <genexpr> at 0x1e58a00>
  1. return 和 yield的異同點:
    #python中yield關鍵字
    函數中如果有yield, 那麽調用這個函數的返回值為生成器。
    當生成器g調用next方法, 執行函數, 知道遇到yield就停止;
    再執行next,從上一次停止的地方繼續執行;
    函數中遇return直接退出, 不繼續執行後面代碼;
    
    def fun():
    print ‘a‘
    return ‘b‘
    print  ‘c‘

print fun()


3.生成器的第2種實現方式;

def fib(max):
num1, num2 = 0, 1
for i in range(max):
yield num2
num1, num2 = num2, num1 + num2

g = fib(100000)
for i, j in enumerate(g):
if i > 10:
break
print j


生成器_無緩沖區的生產者消費者模型

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
import time
import random

def consumer(name):
print "%s準備買粉條...... " %(name)
while True:
kind = yield
print "客戶[%s]購買了[%s]口味的粉條" %(name,kind)

c1 = consumer("jackson")
c1.next()
c1.send("微辣")

def producer(name):
c1 = consumer("roy")
c2 = consumer("jackson")

c1.next()
c2.next()

print "廚師[%s]準備制作粉條......" %(name)

for kind in ["微辣", "麻辣", "三鮮"]:
    time.sleep(random.random())
    print "[%s]制作了[%s]口味的粉條,賣給了用戶......" %(name,kind)

    c1.send(kind)
    c2.send(kind)
c1.close()
c2.close()

producer("lee")


測試結果:
![](http://i2.51cto.com/images/blog/201803/26/5fb59bcb00a7dd72b3626088bf920476.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,size_16,text_QDUxQ1RP5Y2a5a6i,color_FFFFFF,t_100,g_se,x_10,y_10,shadow_90,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk=)

生成器_有緩沖區的生產者消費者模型

#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
import time
import random

cache = []

def consumer(name):
print "%s準備買粉條...... " %(name)
while True:
kind = yield
cache.remove(kind)
print "客戶[%s]購買了[%s]口味的粉條" %(name,kind)

def producer(name):
print "廚師[%s]準備制作粉條......" %(name)

for kind in ["微辣", "麻辣", "三鮮"]:
    time.sleep(random.random())
    print "[%s]制作了[%s]口味的粉條,賣給了用戶......" %(name,kind)
    cache.append(kind)

producer("lee")

c1 = consumer(‘roy‘)
c1.next()
c1.send(‘微辣‘)

print "本店現有粉條口味:"
for i in cache:
print i

測試結果:
![](http://i2.51cto.com/images/blog/201803/26/1e190cb5fa2d0d63cded07d50b71794b.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,size_16,text_QDUxQ1RP5Y2a5a6i,color_FFFFFF,t_100,g_se,x_10,y_10,shadow_90,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk=)

生成器_throw方法
#throw方法: 給生成器發送一個異常;

def gen():
while True:
try:
yield ‘a‘
yield ‘b‘

    except TypeError:
        print ‘Type Error‘
    except ValueError:
        print ‘value error‘

g = gen()
#print g.next()
print next(g) #g.next()<====>next(g)
g.throw(ValueError)
#print g.next()
print next(g)

運行結果:
![](http://i2.51cto.com/images/blog/201803/26/cd88fad54bee022325dfc4b14c164cd4.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,size_16,text_QDUxQ1RP5Y2a5a6i,color_FFFFFF,t_100,g_se,x_10,y_10,shadow_90,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk=)

測試練習:迷你的聊天機器人

def chat_robot():
res = ‘‘
while True:
receive = yield res
if ‘hi‘ in receive:
res = "你好"
elif ‘name‘ in receive or ‘姓名‘ in receive:
res = "我是機器人小冰......"
elif ‘age‘ in receive or ‘年齡‘ in receive:
res = "年齡保密......"
else:
res = "我不太清楚你在說什麽,我還在學習中......"

Chat = chat_robot()
next(Chat)
while True:
send_data = raw_input("A>>: ")
if send_data == ‘q‘ or send_data == ‘quit‘:
print "機器人不和你玩了......"
break
response = Chat.send(send_data)
print "Robot>>: %s" %(response)

Chat.close()

測試結果:
![](http://i2.51cto.com/images/blog/201803/26/d9b106c8e25f889d4f6c978125a15e90.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,size_16,text_QDUxQ1RP5Y2a5a6i,color_FFFFFF,t_100,g_se,x_10,y_10,shadow_90,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk=)

生成器的優勢總結:
    1. 生成器提供了一種更為便利的產生叠代器的方式, 一般用戶不需要自己實現__iter__和next方法,
    它默認返回一個可叠代對象;

    2. 代碼更為簡潔,優雅;
函數式編程
 函數作為實際參數傳給函數的函數稱為高階函數
 函數名可以看作是變量名;
 實際參數可以是函數, 返回值也可以是函數;這樣就稱為高階函數; 
 內置高階函數

map
In [85]: map(abs, [-1, 10, 20, 30, -100])
Out[85]: [1, 10, 20, 30, 100]
In [88]: def fun(x):
return x**2+100
....:

In [89]: map(fun, range(5))
Out[89]: [100, 101, 104, 109, 116]


reduce,第一個參數function,必須能接收兩個參數;

In [90]: def add(x, y):
....: return x + y
....: reduce(add, range(5))
....:
Out[90]: 10

階乘實現:

def jiecheng(x,y):
return x*y
while True:
n = input("N:")
print reduce(jiecheng,range(1,n+1))

測試結果:
![](http://i2.51cto.com/images/blog/201803/26/d9e37dfa4e28c4e8b48f65c348717913.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,size_16,text_QDUxQ1RP5Y2a5a6i,color_FFFFFF,t_100,g_se,x_10,y_10,shadow_90,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk=)

匿名函數
1. 匿名函數的關鍵字為  lambda, 冒號前面是形式參數, 冒號後面是返回值;
2. 匿名函數的形式參數可以是: 必選, 默認, 可變, 關鍵字參數.

In [92]: f = lambda x, y=2, *args, *kwargs : (xy,args, kwargs)

In [93]: f(2,3,4,5,6,7, a=1, b=2, c=3)
Out[93]: (6, (4, 5, 6, 7), {‘a‘: 1, ‘b‘: 2, ‘c‘: 3})


filter,第一個參數function,返回值必須是Bool值;

In [94]: filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, range(1,20))
Out[94]: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]


輸出200-300以內的質數

def isPrime(n):
for i in range(2, n):
if n % i == 0:
return False
else:
return True
li = range(200,301)
print filter(isPrime, li)

測試結果:
![](http://i2.51cto.com/images/blog/201803/26/c7dce5322e7825f44f090f9b410ad652.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,size_16,text_QDUxQ1RP5Y2a5a6i,color_FFFFFF,t_100,g_se,x_10,y_10,shadow_90,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk=)

sorted  排序
由小到大排序

In [95]: sorted([91, 2, 23])
Out[95]: [2, 23, 91]

由大到小排序

In [96]: sorted([91, 2, 23], reverse=True)
Out[96]: [91, 23, 2]

忽略大小寫的排序

In [97]: users = [‘adam‘, ‘LISA‘, ‘barT‘, ‘Adam‘]

In [98]: def ignore_cmp(s1, s2):
....: s1 = s1.upper()
....: s2 = s2.upper()
....: return cmp(s1, s2)
....: sorted(users, cmp=ignore_cmp)
....:
Out[98]: [‘adam‘, ‘Adam‘, ‘barT‘, ‘LISA‘]


指定key值進行排序

goods = {
‘001‘: {
‘name‘: ‘computer‘,
‘price‘: 4000,
‘count‘: 20,
},
‘002‘: {
‘name‘: ‘apple‘,
‘price‘: 2,
‘count‘: 100
},
‘003‘: {
‘name‘: ‘xiaomi‘,
‘price‘: 2999,
‘count‘: 10
}
}

#根據價格進行排序, 打印出價格最高的商品名稱;
price_sorted_goods = sorted(goods.values(), key=lambda a : a[‘price‘])
print "價格最高的商品名稱為:", price_sorted_goods[-1][‘name‘]

#根據商品庫存進行排序, 打印出庫存最少的商品名稱和商品數量;
count_sorted_goods = sorted(goods.values(), key=lambda a : a[‘count‘])
print count_sorted_goods[0][‘name‘], count_sorted_goods[0][‘count‘]



測試結果:
![](http://i2.51cto.com/images/blog/201803/26/6692190192256f421932bd5bfc4074b9.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,size_16,text_QDUxQ1RP5Y2a5a6i,color_FFFFFF,t_100,g_se,x_10,y_10,shadow_90,type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk=)

pyhton中的叠代器,生成器及函數式編程