1、保險起見,備份 Ubuntu12.04 源列表

# cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup

2、修改源列表文件

# vi /etc/apt/sources.list

3、把裏面的列表替換成下面的列表
【163源 http://mirrors.163.com/ 】

# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS _Precise Pangolin_ - Release amd64 (20130213)]

deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted

deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security universe
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security universe
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ precise-security multiverse
deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main

deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main

【sohu源】

deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security universe deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security universe deb http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.sohu.com/ubuntu/ precise-security multiverse deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main

【ubuntu.cn99.com源】

deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.cn99.com/ubuntu-cn/ precise main restricted universe multiverse

【電子科技大學】

deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://ubuntu.uestc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse

【中國科技大學】

deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports restricted universe multiverse deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://debian.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted universe multiverse

【北京理工大學】

deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe deb http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise main multiverse restricted universe deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-backports main multiverse restricted universe deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-proposed main multiverse restricted universe deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-security main multiverse restricted universe deb-src http://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu/ precise-updates main multiverse restricted universe

4、更新軟件源

# apt-get update

我使用的是163源,出現如下提示即更新成功:

......Hit http://mirrors.163.com precise-security/main Translation-enHit http://mirrors.163.com precise-security/multiverse Translation-enHit http://mirrors.163.com precise-security/restricted Translation-enHit http://mirrors.163.com precise-security/universe Translation-enReading package lists... Done

在 sources.list 文件中,我們看到很多“main,restricted,universe,multiverse”的字眼,這裏順便說一下它們的區別:

• main —— 完全的自由軟件。
• restricted —— 不完全的自由軟件。
• universe —— ubuntu官方不提供支持與補丁,全靠社區支持。
• muitiverse —— 非自由軟件,完全不提供支持和補丁。

以及 precise 的字眼,其實 precise 是 Ubuntu 12.04 的 Code name,更多 Code name 如下所示:

• Ubuntu 4.10 (Warty Warthog)
• Ubuntu 5.04 (Hoary Hedgehog)
• Ubuntu 5.10 (Breezy Badger)
• Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake)
• Ubuntu 6.10 (Edgy Eft)
• Ubuntu 7.04 (Feisty Fawn)
• Ubuntu 7.10 (Gutsy Gibbon)
• Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)
• Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex)
• Ubuntu 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope)
• Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic Koala)
• Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx)
• Ubuntu 10.10 (Maverick Meerkat)
• Ubuntu 11.04 (Natty Narwhal)
• Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot)
• Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (Precise Pangolin)
• Ubuntu 12.10 (Quantal Quetzal)
• Ubuntu 13.04 (Raring Ringtail)
• Ubuntu 13.10 (Saucy Salamander)
• Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)
• Ubuntu 14.10 (Utopic Unicorn)
• Ubuntu 15.04 (Vivid Vervet)
• Ubuntu 15.10 (Wily Werewolf)

• Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)

  那麽,除了 apt-get update,我們平常還會看到 apt-get upgrade 以及 apt-get dist-upgrade,它們的區別是什麽呢?查閱相關資料,有如下解釋:
  An update should always be performed before an upgrade or dist-upgrade. upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system from the sources enumerated in /etc/apt/sources.list. Packages currently installed with new versions available are retrieved and upgraded.
  也就是說:
  update 是同步 /etc/apt/sources.list 和 /etc/apt/sources.list.d 中列出的源的索引,這樣才能獲取到最新的軟件包。
  upgrade 是升級已安裝的所有軟件包,升級之後的版本就是本地索引裏的,因此,在執行 upgrade 之前一定要執行 update, 這樣才能是最新的。
  由於包與包之間存在各種依賴關系,upgrade只是簡單的更新包,不管這些依賴,它不和添加包,或是刪除包。而dist-upgrade可以根據依賴關系的變化,添加包,刪除包。

附ubuntu12.04.2 LTS-amd64的原source.list(/etc/apt/sources.list)

# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS _Precise Pangolin_ - Release amd64 (20130213)]/ dists/precise/main/binary-i386/

# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS _Precise Pangolin_ - Release amd64 (20130213)]/ dists/precise/restricted/binary-i386/
# deb cdrom:[Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS _Precise Pangolin_ - Release amd64 (20130213)]/ precise main restricted

# See http://help.ubuntu.com/community/UpgradeNotes for how to upgrade to
# newer versions of the distribution.
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise main restricted

## Major bug fix updates produced after the final release of the
## distribution.
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates main restricted

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu
## team. Also, please note that software in universe WILL NOT receive any
## review or updates from the Ubuntu security team.
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise universe
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates universe

## N.B. software from this repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu 
## team, and may not be under a free licence. Please satisfy yourself as to 
## your rights to use the software. Also, please note that software in 
## multiverse WILL NOT receive any review or updates from the Ubuntu
## security team.
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise multiverse
deb http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse
deb-src http://cn.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ precise-updates multiverse

## N.B. software from this repository may not have been tested as
## extensively as that contained in the main release, although it includes
## newer versions of some applications which may provide useful features.
## Also, please note that software in backports WILL NOT receive any review
## or updates from the Ubuntu security team.

deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security main restricted
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security universe
deb http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse
deb-src http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise-security multiverse

## Uncomment the following two lines to add software from Canonical‘s
## ‘partner‘ repository.
## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by Canonical and the
## respective vendors as a service to Ubuntu users.
# deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner
# deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu precise partner

## This software is not part of Ubuntu, but is offered by third-party
## developers who want to ship their latest software.
deb http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main
deb-src http://extras.ubuntu.com/ubuntu precise main

ubuntu操作-更改apt-get軟件源