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實驗十 泛型程式設計技術

                                                                              實驗十  泛型程式設計技術

                                                                                                                         實驗時間 201

8-11-1

1、實驗目的與要求

(1) 理解泛型概念;

(2) 掌握泛型類的定義與使用;

(3) 掌握泛型方法的宣告與使用;

(4) 掌握泛型介面的定義與實現;

(5)瞭解泛型程式設計,理解其用途。

2、實驗內容和步驟

實驗1: 匯入第8章示例程式,測試程式並進行程式碼註釋。

測試程式1:

    編輯、除錯、執行教材311、312頁 程式碼,結合程式執行結果理解程式;

    在泛型類定義及使用程式碼處添加註釋;

    掌握泛型類的定義及使用。 

程式原始碼及其註釋:

Pair.java

package pair1;

/**
 * @version 1.00 2004-05-10
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class Pair<T> //Pair類引入了一個型別變數T,用尖括號括起來
{
   private T first;
   private T second;
//指方法的返回型別以及域和區域性變數的型別
   public Pair() { first = null; second = null; }
   public Pair(T first, T second) { this
.first = first; this.second = second; } public T getFirst() { return first; } public T getSecond() { return second; } public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; } public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; } }

PairTest1.java

package pair1;

/**
 * @version 1.01 2012-01-26
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class PairTest1
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      String[] words = { "Mary", "had", "a", "little", "lamb" };
      Pair<String> mm = ArrayAlg.minmax(words);
      System.out.println("min = " + mm.getFirst());
      System.out.println("max = " + mm.getSecond());
   }
}

class ArrayAlg
{
   /**
    * Gets the minimum and maximum of an array of strings.
    * @param a an array of strings
    * @return a pair with the min and max value, or null if a is null or empty
    */
   public static Pair<String> minmax(String[] a)//使用靜態方法來用泛型方法
   {
      if (a == null || a.length == 0) return null;
      String min = a[0];
      String max = a[0];
      for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++)
      {
         if (min.compareTo(a[i]) > 0) min = a[i];
         if (max.compareTo(a[i]) < 0) max = a[i];
      }
      return new Pair<>(min, max);
   }
}

 

程式測試結果如下所示:

 

測試程式2:

   編輯、除錯執行教材315頁 PairTest2,結合程式執行結果理解程式;

   在泛型程式設計程式碼處新增相關注釋;

   掌握泛型方法、泛型變數限定的定義及用途。

程式原始碼及其註釋:

Pair.java

package pair2;

/**
 * @version 1.00 2004-05-10
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class Pair<T> 
{
   private T first;
   private T second;

   public Pair() { first = null; second = null; }
   public Pair(T first, T second) { this.first = first;  this.second = second; }

   public T getFirst() { return first; }
   public T getSecond() { return second; }

   public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; }
   public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; }
}

PairTest2.java:

package pair2;

import java.time.*;

/**
 * @version 1.02 2015-06-21
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class PairTest2
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      LocalDate[] birthdays = 
         { 
            LocalDate.of(1906, 12, 9), // G. Hopper
            LocalDate.of(1815, 12, 10), // A. Lovelace
            LocalDate.of(1903, 12, 3), // J. von Neumann
            LocalDate.of(1910, 6, 22), // K. Zuse
         };
      Pair<LocalDate> mm = ArrayAlg.minmax(birthdays);
      System.out.println("min = " + mm.getFirst());
      System.out.println("max = " + mm.getSecond());
   }
}

class ArrayAlg
{
   /**
      Gets the minimum and maximum of an array of objects of type T.
      @param a an array of objects of type T
      @return a pair with the min and max value, or null if a is 
      null or empty
   */
   public static <T extends Comparable> Pair<T> minmax(T[] a) 
   {
      if (a == null || a.length == 0) return null;
      T min = a[0];
      T max = a[0];
      for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++)
      {
         if (min.compareTo(a[i]) > 0) min = a[i];
         if (max.compareTo(a[i]) < 0) max = a[i];
      }
      return new Pair<>(min, max);
   }
}

 

程式測試結果如下所示:

 

測試程式3:

   用除錯執行教材335頁 PairTest3,結合程式執行結果理解程式;

   瞭解萬用字元型別的定義及用途。

程式的原始碼及其註釋;
PairTest3.java:

package pair3;

/**
 * @version 1.01 2012-01-26
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class PairTest3
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      Manager ceo = new Manager("Gus Greedy", 800000, 2003, 12, 15);
      Manager cfo = new Manager("Sid Sneaky", 600000, 2003, 12, 15);
      Pair<Manager> buddies = new Pair<>(ceo, cfo);      
      printBuddies(buddies);

      ceo.setBonus(1000000);
      cfo.setBonus(500000);
      Manager[] managers = { ceo, cfo };

      Pair<Employee> result = new Pair<>();
      minmaxBonus(managers, result);
      System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName() 
         + ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName());
      maxminBonus(managers, result);
      System.out.println("first: " + result.getFirst().getName() 
         + ", second: " + result.getSecond().getName());
   }

   public static void printBuddies(Pair<? extends Employee> p)
  //? extends type,表示帶有上界 
   
   {
      Employee first = p.getFirst();
      Employee second = p.getSecond();
      System.out.println(first.getName() + " and " + second.getName() + " are buddies.");
   }
 //"?"在這兒是萬用字元,符號表明引數的型別可以是任何一種型別,它和引數T的含義是有區別的
   public static void minmaxBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result)
   {
      if (a.length == 0) return;
      Manager min = a[0];
      Manager max = a[0];
      for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++)
      {
         if (min.getBonus() > a[i].getBonus()) min = a[i];
         if (max.getBonus() < a[i].getBonus()) max = a[i];
      }
      result.setFirst(min);
      result.setSecond(max);
   }
//T表示一種未知型別,而“?”表示任何一種型別
   public static void maxminBonus(Manager[] a, Pair<? super Manager> result)
   {
      minmaxBonus(a, result);
      PairAlg.swapHelper(result); // swapHelper捕獲萬用字元型別
   }
   // 不能寫公共靜態<T超級管理器> ...
}

class PairAlg
{
   public static boolean hasNulls(Pair<?> p)
   {
      return p.getFirst() == null || p.getSecond() == null;
   }

   public static void swap(Pair<?> p) { swapHelper(p); }

   public static <T> void swapHelper(Pair<T> p)
   {
      T t = p.getFirst();
      p.setFirst(p.getSecond());
      p.setSecond(t);
   }
}

Employee.java

package pair3;

import java.time.*;

public class Employee
{  
   private String name;
   private double salary;
   private LocalDate hireDay;

   public Employee(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {
      this.name = name;
      this.salary = salary;
      hireDay = LocalDate.of(year, month, day);
   }

   public String getName()
   {
      return name;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {  
      return salary;
   }

   public LocalDate getHireDay()
   {  
      return hireDay;
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {  
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }
}

Manager.java

package pair3;

public class Manager extends Employee
{  
   private double bonus;

   /**
      @param name the employee's name
      @param salary the salary
      @param year the hire year
      @param month the hire month
      @param day the hire day
   */
   public Manager(String name, double salary, int year, int month, int day)
   {  
      super(name, salary, year, month, day);
      bonus = 0;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   { 
      double baseSalary = super.getSalary();
      return baseSalary + bonus;
   }

   public void setBonus(double b)
   {  
      bonus = b;
   }

   public double getBonus()
   {  
      return bonus;
   }
}

Pair.java

package pair3;

/**
 * @version 1.00 2004-05-10
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class Pair<T> 
{
   private T first;
   private T second;

   public Pair() { first = null; second = null; }
   public Pair(T first, T second) { this.first = first;  this.second = second; }

   public T getFirst() { return first; }
   public T getSecond() { return second; }

   public void setFirst(T newValue) { first = newValue; }
   public void setSecond(T newValue) { second = newValue; }
}

 

程式測試結果如下所示;

 

實驗2:程式設計練習:

程式設計練習1:實驗九程式設計題總結

    實驗九程式設計練習1總結(從程式總體結構說明、模組說明,目前程式設計存在的困難與問題三個方面闡述)。

程式總體結構:

主要的兩個大類,有主類Main和子類Student

模組說明

 

在這一模組中主要講txt檔案匯入到程式,

 

分別用5個小類case來定義程式索要查詢的同鄉,年齡相近的人等等

 

Main

 

package Test;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Main{
    private static ArrayList<Student> studentlist;
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        studentlist = new ArrayList<>();
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        File file = new File("D:\\身份證號.txt");
        try {
            FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
            BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis));
            String temp = null;
            while ((temp = in.readLine()) != null) {
                
                Scanner linescanner = new Scanner(temp);
                
                linescanner.useDelimiter(" ");    
                String name = linescanner.next();
                String number = linescanner.next();
                String sex = linescanner.next();
                String age = linescanner.next();
                String province =linescanner.nextLine();
                Student student = new Student();
                student.setName(name);
                student.setnumber(number);
                student.setsex(sex);
                int a = Integer.parseInt(age);
                student.setage(a);
                student.setprovince(province);
                studentlist.add(student);

            }
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            System.out.println("學生資訊檔案找不到");
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("學生資訊檔案讀取錯誤");
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        boolean isTrue = true;
        while (isTrue) {
            System.out.println("選擇你的操作,輸入正確格式的選項");
            System.out.println("a.字典排序");
            System.out.println("b.輸出年齡最大和年齡最小的人");
            System.out.println("c.尋找老鄉");
            System.out.println("d.尋找年齡相近的人");
            System.out.println("e.退出");
            String m = scanner.next();
            switch (m) {
            case "a":
                Collections.sort(studentlist);              
                System.out.println(studentlist.toString());
                break;
            case "b":
                 int max=0,min=100;
                 int j,k1 = 0,k2=0;
                 for(int i=1;i<studentlist.size();i++)
                 {
                     j=studentlist.get(i).getage();
                 if(j>max)
                 {
                     max=j; 
                     k1=i;
                 }
                 if(j<min)
                 {
                   min=j; 
                   k2=i;
                 }
                 
                 }  
                 System.out.println("年齡最大:"+studentlist.get(k1));
                 System.out.println("年齡最小:"+studentlist.get(k2));
                break;
            case "c":
                 System.out.println("老家?");
                 String find = scanner.next();        
                 String place=find.substring(0,3);
                 for (int i = 0; i <studentlist.size(); i++) 
                 {
                     if(studentlist.get(i).getprovince().substring(1,4).equals(place)) 
                         System.out.println("老鄉"+studentlist.get(i));
                 }             
                 break;
                 
            case "d":
                System.out.println("年齡:");
                int yourage = scanner.nextInt();
                int near=agenear(yourage);
                int value=yourage-studentlist.get(near).getage();
                System.out.println(""+studentlist.get(near));
                break;
            case "e":
                isTrue = false;
                System.out.println("退出程式!");
                break;
                default:
                System.out.println("輸入有誤");

            }
        }
    }
        public static int agenear(int age) {      
        int j=0,min=53,value=0,k=0;
         for (int i = 0; i < studentlist.size(); i++)
         {
             value=studentlist.get(i).getage()-age;
             if(value<0) value=-value; 
             if (value<min) 
             {
                min=value;
                k=i;
             } 
          }    
         return k;         
      }

}
Main

 

Student

package Test;

public class Student implements Comparable<Student> {

    private String name;
    private String number ;
    private String sex ;
    private int age;
    private String province;
   
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public String getnumber() {
        return number;
    }
    public void setnumber(String number) {
        this.number = number;
    }
    public String getsex() {
        return sex ;
    }
    public void setsex(String sex ) {
        this.sex =sex ;
    }
    public int getage() {

        return age;
        }
        public void setage(int age) {
            // int a = Integer.parseInt(age);
        this.age= age;
        }

    public String getprovince() {
        return province;
    }
    public void setprovince(String province) {
        this.province=province ;
    }

    public int compareTo(Student o) {
       return this.name.compareTo(o.getName());
    }

    public String toString() {
        return  name+"\t"+sex+"\t"+age+"\t"+number+"\t"+province+"\n";
    }    
}
Student

實驗困惑:分不清在程式執行的過程中這個讀取身份證的位元組是怎麼執行的,還有就是這個程式讀取的txt檔案的內容不同的名字的位元組不會調

實驗九程式設計練習2總結(從程式總體結構說明、模組說明,目前程式設計存在的困難與問題三個方面闡述)。

程式總體結構

實驗程式主要有兩個大類,Demo類和suanfa類

模組說明

 在設計四則運算的時候,首先判斷程式碼的正確性,也就是異常處理

然後進行四則運算。判斷程式碼的進一步完善

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Scanner;


public class Demo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        Suanfa counter=new Suanfa();
        PrintWriter out = null;
        try {
            out = new PrintWriter("text.txt");
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        int sum = 0;

        
        
        for (int i = 1; i <=10; i++) {
            int a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
            int b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
            int m= (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 3);

            
           switch(m)
           {
           case 0:
               System.out.println(i+": "+a+"/"+b+"=");
               
               while(b==0){  b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100); }
               
            int c0 = in.nextInt();
            out.println(a+"/"+b+"="+c0);
            if (c0 == counter.division(a, b)) {
                sum += 10;
                System.out.println("恭喜答案正確");
            }
            else {
                System.out.println("抱歉,答案錯誤");
            }
            
            break;
            
           case 1:
               System.out.println(i+": "+a+"*"+b+"=");
               int c = in.nextInt();
               out.println(a+"*"+b+"="+c);
               if (c == counter.multiplication(a, b)) {
                   sum += 10;
                   System.out.println("恭喜答案正確");
               }
               else {
                   System.out.println("抱歉,答案錯誤");
               }
               break;
           case 2:
               System.out.println(i+": "+a+"+"+b+"=");
               int c1 = in.nextInt();
               out.println(a+"+"+b+"="+c1);
               if (c1 == counter.add(a, b)) {
                   sum += 10;
                   System.out.println("恭喜答案正確");
               }
               else {
                   System.out.println("抱歉,答案錯誤");
               }
               
               break ;
           case 3:
               System.out.println(i+": "+a+"-"+b+"=");
               int c2 = in.nextInt();
               out.println(a+"-"+b+"="+c2);
               if (c2 == counter.reduce(a, b)) {
                   sum += 10;
                   System.out.println("恭喜答案正確");
               }
               else {
                   System.out.println("抱歉,答案錯誤");
               }
               break ;

               } 
    
          }
        System.out.println("成績"+sum);
        out.println("成績:"+sum);
         out.close();

         
    }
    }
Demo

 

public class Suanfa {
   private int a;
   private int b;
    public int  add(int a,int b)
    {
        return a+b;
    }
    public int   reduce(int a,int b)
    {
        return a-b;
    }
    public int   multiplication(int a,int b)
    {
        return a*b;
    }
    public int   division(int a,int b)
    {
        if(b!=0)
        return a/b;
        else return 0;
    }

    
}
suanfa

實驗的困惑:

對四測運算的處理還是不夠精確,尤其是對於除法這一塊

 

程式設計練習2:採用泛型程式設計技術改進實驗九程式設計練習2,使之可處理實數四則運算,其他要求不變。

 程式原始碼:

suanfa

public class Suanfa<T> {
   private T a;
   private T b;
   public Suanfa() {
       a = null;
       b = null;
   }
  
   public Suanfa(T a, T b) {
       this.a = a;
       this.b = b;
   }
    public int   suanfa1(int a,int b)
    {
        return a+b;
    }
    public int   suanfa2(int a,int b)
    {
        return a-b;
    }
    public int   suanfa3(int a,int b)
    {
        return a*b;
    }
    public int   suanfa4(int a,int b)
    {
        if(b!=0)
        return a/b;
        else return 0;
    }

    
}

Demo:

import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.Scanner;


public class Demo {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Scanner in = new Scanner(System.in);
        Suanfa counter=new Suanfa();
        PrintWriter out = null;
        try {
            out = new PrintWriter("text.txt");
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            // TODO Auto-generated catch block
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        int sum = 0;

        
        
        for (int i = 0; i <10; i++) {
            int a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
            int b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
            int m= (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 3);

            
           switch(m)
           {
           case 0:
               System.out.println(a + "+" + b + "=");
               int d0 = in.nextInt();
               out.println(a + "+" + b + "=" + d0);
               if (d0 == counter.suanfa1(a, b)) {
                   sum += 10;
                   System.out.println("恭喜答案正確");
               } else {
                   System.out.println("抱歉,答案錯誤");
               }
               break;
           case 1:
               while (a < b) {
                   int x = a;
                   a = b;
                   b = x;
               }
               System.out.println(a + "-" + b + "=");
               int d1 = in.nextInt();
               out.println(a + "-" + b + "=" + d1);
               if (d1 == counter.suanfa2(a, b)) {
                   sum += 10;
                   System.out.println("恭喜答案正確");
               } else {
                   System.out.println("抱歉,答案錯誤");
               }
               break;
           case 2:
               System.out.println(a + "*" + b + "=");
               int d2 = in.nextInt();
               out.println(a + "*" + b + "=" + d2);
               if (d2 ==counter.suanfa3(a, b)) {
                   sum += 10;
                   System.out.println("恭喜答案正確");
               } else {
                   System.out.println("抱歉,答案錯誤");
               }
               break;
           case 3:
               while (b == 0 || a % b != 0) {
                   a = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
                   b = (int) Math.round(Math.random() * 100);
               }
               System.out.println(a + "/" + b + "=");
               int d3 = in.nextInt();
               out.println(a + "/" + b + "=" + d3);
               if (d3 == counter.suanfa4(a, b)) {
                   sum += 10;
                   System.out.println("恭喜答案正確");
               } else {
                   System.out.println("抱歉,答案錯誤");
               }
               break;

           }

       
}
        System.out.println("成績"+sum);
        out.println("成績:"+sum);
         out.close();

         
    }
    }

程式執行結果

 

實驗總結

本章理論知識點總結

泛型:是在定義類、介面和方法時,通過型別引數指示將要處理的物件型別

泛型程式設計:編寫程式碼可以被很多不同型別的物件所重用。

Pair類引入了一個型別變數T,用尖括號(<>)括起來,並放在類名的後面。

泛型類可以有多個型別變數。

泛型方法:

 除了泛型類外,還可以只單獨定義一個方法作為泛型方法,用於指定方法引數或者返回值為泛型型別,留待方法呼叫時確定。

 泛型方法可以宣告在泛型類中,也可以宣告在普通類中。

泛型變數上界的說明

NumberGeneric類所能處理的泛型變數型別需和Number有繼承關係;

extends關鍵字所宣告的上界既可以是一個類,也可以是一個介面;

<T extends Bounding Type>表示T應該是繫結型別的子型別。

泛型變數下界的說明

通過使用super關鍵字可以固定泛型引數的型別為某種型別或者其超類

當程式希望為一個方法的引數限定型別時,通常可以使用下限萬用字元

萬用字元:

 “?”符號表明引數的型別可以是任何一種型別,它和引數T的含義是有區別的。T表示一種未知型別,而“?”表示任何一種型別。這種萬用字元一般有以下三種用法:

單獨的?,用於表示任何型別。

 ? extends type,表示帶有上界。

 ? super type,表示帶有下界。

     通過本週的理論知識以及在實驗課的學習,我基本掌握泛型程式設計的“泛型”到底指的是什麼,我希望在以後的學習過程當中能夠越來越好。