1. 程式人生 > >201771010106東文財《面向物件程式設計(java)》 實驗8

201771010106東文財《面向物件程式設計(java)》 實驗8

實驗六 介面的定義與使用

實驗時間 2018-10-18

一、理論知識部分

抽象類:

       用abstract來宣告,沒有具體例項物件的類,不能用new來建立物件。可包含常規類所包含的任何東西。抽象類必須由子類繼承,如果abstract類的子類不是抽象類,那麼子類必須重寫父類中所有的abstract方法。

介面:

       用interface宣告,是抽象方法和常量值定義的集合。從本質上講,介面是一種特殊的抽象類,這種抽象類中只包含常量和方法的定義,而沒有變數和方法的定義。介面中只能定義抽象方法,而且這些方法預設為是public的。只要類實現了介面,就可以在任何需要該接 口的地方使用這個類的物件。此外,一個類可以實現多個介面。

介面與抽象類的區別:

(1)介面不能實現任何方法,而抽象類可以。

(2)類可以實現許多介面,但只有一個父類。

(3)介面不是類分級結構的一部分,無任何聯絡的類可以實現相同的介面。

回撥(callback):

       一種程式設計模式,在這種模式中,可指出某個特定事件發生時程式應該採取的動作。當拷貝一個物件變數時,原始變數與拷貝變數引用同一個物件。這樣,改變一個變數所引用 的物件會對另一個變數產生影響。如果要建立一個物件新的copy,它的最初狀態與 original一樣,但以後可以各自改變狀態,就需要使用Object類的clone方法。Object類的clone()方法是一個native方法。Object類中的clone()方法被protected修飾符修飾。這意味著在使用者編寫的程式碼中不能直接呼叫它。如果要直接應用clone()方法,就需覆蓋clone()方法,並要把clone()方法的屬性設定為public。  Object.clone()方法返回一個Object物件。必須進行強制型別轉換才能得到需要的型別。

淺層拷貝:

        被拷貝物件的所有常量成員和基本型別屬性都有與原來物件相同的拷貝值,而若成員域是一個物件,則被拷貝物件該物件域的物件引用仍然指向原來的物件。

深層拷貝:

       被拷貝物件的所有成員域都含有與原來物件相同的值,且物件域將指向被複制過的新物件,而不是原有物件被引用的物件。換言之, 深層拷貝將拷貝物件內引用的物件也拷貝一遍 。

Java中物件克隆的實現:

       在子類中實現Cloneable介面。為了獲取物件的一份拷貝,可以利用Object類的clone方法。在子類中覆蓋超類的clone方法,宣告為public。在子類的clone方法中,呼叫super.clone()。

二、實驗部分

1、實驗目的與要求

(1) 掌握介面定義方法;

(2) 掌握實現介面類的定義要求;

(3) 掌握實現了介面類的使用要求;

(4) 掌握程式回撥設計模式;

(5) 掌握Comparator介面用法;

(6) 掌握物件淺層拷貝與深層拷貝方法;

(7) 掌握Lambda表示式語法;

(8) 瞭解內部類的用途及語法要求。

2、實驗內容和步驟

實驗1 匯入第6章示例程式,測試程式並進行程式碼註釋。

測試程式1:

l 編輯、編譯、除錯執行閱讀教材214頁-215頁程式6-1、6-2,理解程式並分析程式執行結果;

l 在程式中相關程式碼處新增新知識的註釋。

l 掌握介面的實現用法;

l 掌握內建介面Compareable的用法。

package interfaces;

public class Employee implements Comparable<Employee>
{
   private String name;
   private double salary;

   public Employee(String name, double salary)
   {
      this.name = name;
      this.salary = salary;
   }

   public String getName()
   {
      return name;
   }

   public double getSalary()
   {
      return salary;
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }

   /**
    * Compares employees by salary
    * @param other another Employee object
    * @return a negative value if this employee has a lower salary than
    * otherObject, 0 if the salaries are the same, a positive value otherwise
    */
   public int compareTo(Employee other)
   {
      return Double.compare(salary, other.salary);
   }
}

 

package interfaces;

import java.util.*;

/**
 * This program demonstrates the use of the Comparable interface.
 * @version 1.30 2004-02-27
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class EmployeeSortTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      Employee[] staff = new Employee[3];

      staff[0] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 35000);
      staff[1] = new Employee("Carl Cracker", 75000);
      staff[2] = new Employee("Tony Tester", 38000);

      Arrays.sort(staff);

      // print out information about all Employee objects
      for (Employee e : staff)
         System.out.println("name=" + e.getName() + ",salary=" + e.getSalary());
   }
}

實驗結果:

測試程式2:

編輯、編譯、除錯以下程式,結合程式執行結果理解程式;

interface  A

{

  double g=9.8;

  void show( );

}

class C implements A

{

  public void show( )

  {System.out.println("g="+g);}

}

 

class InterfaceTest

{

  public static void main(String[ ] args)

  {

       A a=new C( );

       a.show( );

       System.out.println("g="+C.g);

  }

}

package gh;

public class yy {


        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        interface  A
        {
          double g=9.8;
          void show( );
        }
        class C implements A
        {
          public void show( )
          {System.out.println("g="+g);}

        }

        class InterfaceTest

        {
          public static void main(String[ ] args)

          {
               A a=new C( );
               a.show( );

               System.out.println("g="+C.g);
          }

        }
    }

實驗結果:

測試程式3:

l 在elipse IDE中除錯執行教材223頁6-3,結合程式執行結果理解程式;

l 26行、36行程式碼參閱224頁,詳細內容涉及教材12章。

l 在程式中相關程式碼處新增新知識的註釋。

l 掌握回撥程式設計模式;

package timer;

/**
   @version 1.01 2015-05-12
   @author Cay Horstmann
*/

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.util.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.Timer; 
// to resolve conflict with java.util.Timer

public class TimerTest
{  
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {  
      ActionListener listener = new TimePrinter();

      // construct a timer that calls the listener
      // once every 10 seconds
      Timer t = new Timer(10000, listener);
      t.start();

      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Quit program?");
      System.exit(0);
   }
}

class TimePrinter implements ActionListener
{  
   public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
   {  
      System.out.println("At the tone, the time is " + new Date());
      Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep();
   }
}

測試程式4:

l 除錯執行教材229頁-231頁程式6-4、6-5,結合程式執行結果理解程式;

l 在程式中相關程式碼處新增新知識的註釋。

l 掌握物件克隆實現技術;

l 掌握淺拷貝和深拷貝的差別。

package clone;

/**
 * This program demonstrates cloning.
 * @version 1.10 2002-07-01
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class CloneTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      try
      {
         Employee original = new Employee("John Q. Public", 50000);
         original.setHireDay(2000, 1, 1);
         Employee copy = original.clone();
         copy.raiseSalary(10);
         copy.setHireDay(2002, 12, 31);
         System.out.println("original=" + original);
         System.out.println("copy=" + copy);
      }
      catch (CloneNotSupportedException e)
      {
         e.printStackTrace();
      }
   }
}

 

package clone;

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.GregorianCalendar;

public class Employee implements Cloneable
{
   private String name;
   private double salary;
   private Date hireDay;

   public Employee(String name, double salary)
   {
      this.name = name;
      this.salary = salary;
      hireDay = new Date();
   }

   public Employee clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException
   {
      // call Object.clone()
      Employee cloned = (Employee) super.clone();

      // clone mutable fields
      cloned.hireDay = (Date) hireDay.clone();

      return cloned;
   }

   /**
    * Set the hire day to a given date. 
    * @param year the year of the hire day
    * @param month the month of the hire day
    * @param day the day of the hire day
    */
   public void setHireDay(int year, int month, int day)
   {
      Date newHireDay = new GregorianCalendar(year, month - 1, day).getTime();
      
      // Example of instance field mutation
      hireDay.setTime(newHireDay.getTime());
   }

   public void raiseSalary(double byPercent)
   {
      double raise = salary * byPercent / 100;
      salary += raise;
   }

   public String toString()
   {
      return "Employee[name=" + name + ",salary=" + salary + ",hireDay=" + hireDay + "]";
   }
}

實驗結果:

實驗2 匯入第6章示例程式6-6,學習Lambda表示式用法。

l 除錯執行教材233頁-234頁程式6-6,結合程式執行結果理解程式;

l 在程式中相關程式碼處新增新知識的註釋。

l 將27-29行程式碼與教材223頁程式對比,將27-29行程式碼與此程式對比,體會Lambda表示式的優點。

 

package lambda;

import java.util.*;

import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.Timer;

/**
 * This program demonstrates the use of lambda expressions.
 * @version 1.0 2015-05-12
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class LambdaTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      String[] planets = new String[] { "Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", 
            "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune" };
      System.out.println(Arrays.toString(planets));
      System.out.println("Sorted in dictionary order:");
      Arrays.sort(planets);
      System.out.println(Arrays.toString(planets));
      System.out.println("Sorted by length:");
      Arrays.sort(planets, (first, second) -> first.length() - second.length());
      System.out.println(Arrays.toString(planets));
            
      Timer t = new Timer(1000, event ->
         System.out.println("The time is " + new Date()));
      t.start();   
         
      // keep program running until user selects "Ok"
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Quit program?");
      System.exit(0);         
   }
}

 實驗結果:

注:以下實驗課後完成

實驗3: 程式設計練習

編制一個程式,將身份證號.txt 中的資訊讀入到記憶體中;

l 按姓名字典序輸出人員資訊;

l 查詢最大年齡的人員資訊;

l 查詢最小年齡人員資訊;

輸入你的年齡,查詢身份證號.txt中年齡與你最近人的姓名、身份證號、年齡、性別和出生地;

l 查詢人員中是否有你的同鄉。

package yu;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class yy{
    private static ArrayList<People> Peoplelist;
    public static void main(String[] args) {
         Peoplelist = new ArrayList<>();
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        File file = new File("D:\\java\\1\\身份證號.txt");
        try {
            FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file);
            BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis));
            String temp = null;
            while ((temp = in.readLine()) != null) {
                
                Scanner linescanner = new Scanner(temp);
                
                linescanner.useDelimiter(" ");    
                String name = linescanner.next();
                String ID = linescanner.next();
                String sex = linescanner.next();
                String age = linescanner.next();
                String place =linescanner.nextLine();
                People People = new people();
                People.setname(name);
                People.setID(ID);
                People.setsex(sex);
                int a = Integer.parseInt(age);
                People.setage(a);
                People.setbirthplace(place);
                Peoplelist.add(People);

            }
        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
            System.out.println("查詢不到資訊");
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println("資訊讀取有誤");
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        boolean isTrue = true;
        while (isTrue) {
            System.out.println("————————————————————————————————————————");
            System.out.println("1:按姓名字典序輸出人員資訊");
            System.out.println("2:查詢最大年齡人員資訊和最小年齡人員資訊");
            System.out.println("3:輸入你的年齡,查詢年齡與你最近人的所有資訊");
            System.out.println("4:查詢人員中是否有你的同鄉");
           
            
            int nextInt = scanner.nextInt();
            switch (nextInt) {
            case 1:
                Collections.sort( Peoplelist);
                System.out.println( Peoplelist.toString());
                break;
            case 2:
                
                int max=0,min=100;int j,k1 = 0,k2=0;
                for(int i=1;i< Peoplelist.size();i++)
                {
                    j= Peoplelist.get(i).getage();
                   if(j>max)
                   {
                       max=j; 
                       k1=i;
                   }
                   if(j<min)
                   {
                       min=j; 
                       k2=i;
                   }

                }  
                System.out.println("年齡最大:"+ Peoplelist.get(k1));
                System.out.println("年齡最小:"+ Peoplelist.get(k2));
                break;
            case 3:
                System.out.println("place?");
                String find = scanner.next();        
                String place=find.substring(0,3);
                String place2=find.substring(0,3);
                for (int i = 0; i < Peoplelist.size(); i++) 
                {
                    if( Peoplelist.get(i).getbirthplace().substring(1,4).equals(place)) 
                        System.out.println(Peoplelist.get(i));

                } 

                break;
            case 4:
                System.out.println("年齡:");
                int yourage = scanner.nextInt();
                int near=agenear(yourage);
                int d_value=yourage-Peoplelist.get(near).getage();
                System.out.println(""+Peoplelist.get(near));
           /*     for (int i = 0; i < Peoplelist.size(); i++)
                {
                    int p=Personlist.get(i).getage()-yourage;
                    if(p<0) p=-p;
                    if(p==d_value) System.out.println(Peoplelist.get(i));
                }   */
                break;
            case 5:
           isTrue = false;
           System.out.println("退出程式!");
                break;
            default:
                System.out.println("輸入有誤");
            }
        }
    }
    public static int agenear(int age) {
     
       int min=25,d_value=0,k=0;
        for (int i = 0; i <  Peoplelist.size(); i++)
        {
            d_value= Peoplelist.get(i).getage()-age;
            if(d_value<0) d_value=-d_value; 
            if (d_value<min) 
            {
               min=d_value;
               k=i;
            }

         }    return k;
        
     }
    
    }

 

package yu;

public class yu {

    public abstract class  People implements Comparable<People> {
    private String name;
    private String ID;
    private int age;
    private String sex;
    private String birthplace;

    public String getname() {
    return name;
    }
    public void setname(String name) {
    this.name = name;
    }
    public String getID() {
    return ID;
    }
    public void setID(String ID) {
    this.ID= ID;
    }
    public int getage() {

    return age;
    }
    public void setage(int age) {
        // int a = Integer.parseInt(age);
    this.age= age;
    }
    public String getsex() {
    return sex;
    }
    public void setsex(String sex) {
    this.sex= sex;
    }
    public String getbirthplace() {
    return birthplace;
    }
    public void setbirthplace(String birthplace) {
    this.birthplace= birthplace;
    }

    public int compareTo(People o) {
       return this.name.compareTo(o.getname());

    }

    public String toString() {
        return  name+"\t"+sex+"\t"+age+"\t"+ID+"\t"+birthplace+"\n";
        }
    }
}

實驗結果:

實驗4:內部類語法驗證實驗

實驗程式1:

l 編輯、除錯執行教材246頁-247頁程式6-7,結合程式執行結果理解程式;

l 瞭解內部類的基本用法。

package innerClass;

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.util.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.Timer;

/**
 * This program demonstrates the use of inner classes.
 * @version 1.11 2015-05-12
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class InnerClassTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      TalkingClock clock = new TalkingClock(1000, true);
      clock.start();

      // 在按確定之前,程式一直執行
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Quit program?");
      System.exit(0);
   }
}

/**
 * A clock that prints the time in regular intervals.
 */
class TalkingClock
{
   private int interval;
   private boolean beep;

   /**
    * Constructs a talking clock
    * @param interval the interval between messages (in milliseconds)
    * @param beep true if the clock should beep
    */
   public TalkingClock(int interval, boolean beep)
   {
      this.interval = interval;
      this.beep = beep;
   }

   /**
    * Starts the clock.
    */
   public void start()
   {
      ActionListener listener = new TimePrinter();//構造器
      Timer t = new Timer(interval, listener);
      t.start();
   }

   public class TimePrinter implements ActionListener
   {
      public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
      {
         System.out.println("At the tone, the time is " + new Date());
         if (beep) Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep();
      }
   }
}

 實驗結果:

實驗程式2:

l 編輯、除錯執行教材254頁程式6-8,結合程式執行結果理解程式;

l 瞭解匿名內部類的用法。

package anonymousInnerClass;

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.util.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.Timer;

/**
 * This program demonstrates anonymous inner classes.
 * @version 1.11 2015-05-12
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class AnonymousInnerClassTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      TalkingClock clock = new TalkingClock();//TalkingClock類宣告為私有的
      clock.start(1000, true);

      // keep program running until user selects "Ok"
      JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Quit program?");
      System.exit(0);
   }
}

/**
 * A clock that prints the time in regular intervals.
 */
class TalkingClock
{
   /**
    * Starts the clock.
    * @param interval the interval between messages (in milliseconds)
    * @param beep true if the clock should beep
    */
   public void start(int interval, boolean beep)
   {
      ActionListener listener = new ActionListener()
         {
            public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
            {
               System.out.println("At the tone, the time is " + new Date());
               if (beep) Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep();
               //外圍類引用.
            }
         };
      Timer t = new Timer(interval, listener);
      t.start();
   }
}

實驗結果:

 

實驗程式3:

l 在elipse IDE中除錯執行教材257頁-258頁程式6-9,結合程式執行結果理解程式;

l 瞭解靜態內部類的用法。

package staticInnerClass;

/**
 * This program demonstrates the use of static inner classes.
 * @version 1.02 2015-05-12
 * @author Cay Horstmann
 */
public class StaticInnerClassTest
{
   public static void main(String[] args)
   {
      double[] d = new double[20];
      for (int i = 0; i < d.length; i++)
         d[i] = 100 * Math.random();
      ArrayAlg.Pair p = ArrayAlg.minmax(d);
      System.out.println("min = " + p.getFirst());
      System.out.println("max = " + p.getSecond());
   }
}

class ArrayAlg
{
   /**
    * A pair of floating-point numbers
    */
   public static class Pair
   {
      private double first;
      private double second;

      /**
       * Constructs a pair from two floating-point numbers
       * @param f the first number
       * @param s the second number
       */
      public Pair(double f, double s)
      {
         first = f;
         second = s;
      }

      /**
       * Returns the first number of the pair
       * @return the first number
       */
      public double getFirst()
      {
         return first;
      }

      /**
       * Returns the second number of the pair
       * @return the second number
       */
      public double getSecond()
      {
         return second;
      }
   }

   /**
    * Computes both the minimum and the maximum of an array
    * @param values an array of floating-point numbers
    * @return a pair whose first element is the minimum and whose second element
    * is the maximum
    */
   public static Pair minmax(double[] values)
   {
      double min = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
      double max = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
      for (double v : values)
      {
         if (min > v) min = v;
         if (max < v) max = v;
      }
      return new Pair(min, max);
   }
}

實驗結果:

實驗總結:

       通過這章的學習我瞭解了介面的使用和他的功能,學會了Lambda表示式與內部類。也學會了建立淺拷貝與深拷貝,總的來說本章的知識點還是挺多的。以後我會繼續努力,爭取敲更多好的程式碼。