Linux環境中，GitHub的配置使用極簡教程
阿新 • • 發佈：2018-11-11
一.環境
1.1 作業系統（其他發行版亦可）：
[[email protected] ~]# cat /etc/centos-release
CentOS Linux release 7.5.1804 (Core)
1.2 Git版本：
[[email protected] ~]# git --version
git version 1.8.3.1
二.步驟
2.1 下載並安裝Git軟體。
[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install git
2.2 建立SSH key。
[[email protected] 這裡簡單提一下ssh-keygen的幾個選項，-t指定加密演算法，-b指定位數，-C可以理解為註釋（comment)，隨意填寫，可以填寫為管理員郵箱。連續按幾次enter鍵即可，其餘不必理會。
2.3 在GitHub的settings裡面新增剛剛建立的SSH key的公鑰。
[[email protected] /]# cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAABAQDjI58Vk8kCQqu6PPng8/bjkZY2JrsH/kExR9JpZ9I+i71H744Mpi7VnaBnbgye15ri4jG7DKFVMUKU7dflplL4+th90B2QIAEBKrXbIUV9LJH5InL/uJQ9+Gu7NK/vIboFhFLKgSzE3EU3p5SQcCNkGFL9ygQ18FPE2d2mwm+fOhNC73OrlADqZwLJ99wXKoH+3wX/b0l+NBsCE7usPE4bxQK6ZDWtjjvsQ2QWtlGO4ia7m3VdDmumV2byFEyeEpAN2dbMmlkVeix8+VmVNkPbJKkeSyjIXaJcjDJdyeqCcV0Kwx9jY+yU13LVZIBJ4wUBvtjO/u/RKDDsz1Ie+QrJ [email protected]
上一步連續按了幾次回車鍵，其實就是採用預設設定，預設情況下新生成的key位於~/.ssh/目錄下。把id_rsa.pub的內容新增到GitHub。具體步驟為：settings(點選右上角使用者頭像) -> SSH and GPG keys -> New SSH key -> ADD SSH key.Title隨便填，Key部分就是複製的內容。也可以在登陸後直接輸入以下地址：https://github.com/settings/ssh/new
2.4 測試一下是否新增成功。
[[email protected] /]# ssh -T [email protected]
The authenticity of host 'github.com (52.74.223.119)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is SHA256:nThbg6kXUpJWGl7E1IGOCspRomTxdCARLviKw6E5SY8.
RSA key fingerprint is MD5:16:27:ac:a5:76:28:2d:36:63:1b:56:4d:eb:df:a6:48.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'github.com,52.74.223.119' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
Hi mrivandu! You've successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not provide shell access.
此處需要輸入一個yes。出現以上內容，說明key已經新增成功。
2.5 Clone一個自己的倉庫試一下。
[[email protected] /]# git clone [email protected]:mrivandu/MyImageHostingService
正克隆到 'MyImageHostingService'...
Warning: Permanently added the RSA host key for IP address '13.229.188.59' to the list of known hosts.
remote: Enumerating objects: 31, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (31/31), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (27/27), done.
remote: Total 31 (delta 8), reused 15 (delta 2), pack-reused 0
接收物件中: 100% (31/31), 2.42 MiB | 563.00 KiB/s, done.
處理 delta 中: 100% (8/8), done.
Clone成功。
2.6 更新一個檔案，並push。
[[email protected] MyImageHostingService]# git config --global user.email "[email protected]"
[[email protected] MyImageHostingService]# git mv 20181107200317.png Linux下GitHub快速配置並使用.png
[[email protected] MyImageHostingService]# git commit
[master 4d7f9a1] Rename 20181107200317.png -> "Linux\344\270\213GitHub\345\277\253\351\200\237\351\205\215\347\275\256\345\271\266\344\275\277\347\224\250.png"
1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
rename 20181107200317.png => "Linux\344\270\213GitHub\345\277\253\351\200\237\351\205\215\347\275\256\345\271\266\344\275\277\347\224\250.png" (100%)
[[email protected] MyImageHostingService]# git push
Counting objects: 3, done.
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (2/2), 344 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 2 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (1/1), completed with 1 local object.
To [email protected]:mrivandu/MyImageHostingService
8bf8dfe..4d7f9a1 master -> master
至此，全部操作完成。
2.7 拓展一下。我們已經把公鑰增添只GitHub，我們的私鑰能否儲存到U盤隨身攜帶呢？答案是可以的。怎麼操作呢？請往下看。
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
這是與剛剛我們增添至GitHub配對的私鑰，我現在已經將~/.ssh目錄下及/tmp目錄下的內容全部清空。
[[email protected] ~]# ll .ssh/ /tmp/
.ssh/:
總用量 0
/tmp/:
總用量 0
再次測試一下：
[[email protected] ~]# ssh -T [email protected]
The authenticity of host 'github.com (13.229.188.59)' can't be established.
RSA key fingerprint is SHA256:nThbg6kXUpJWGl7E1IGOCspRomTxdCARLviKw6E5SY8.
RSA key fingerprint is MD5:16:27:ac:a5:76:28:2d:36:63:1b:56:4d:eb:df:a6:48.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'github.com,13.229.188.59' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.
Permission denied (publickey).
此時已經可以確認連線我們的GitHub賬戶已經失敗。
[[email protected] ~]# echo '-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
> MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEA4yOfFZPJAkKrujz54PP245GWNia7B/5BMUfSaWfSPou9R++O
> DKYu1Z2gZ24Mntea4uIxuwyhVTFClO3X5aZS+PrYfdAdkCABASq12yFFfSyR+SJy
> /7iUPfhruzSv7yG6BYRSyoEsxNxFN6eUkHAjZBhS/coENfBTxNndpsJvnzoTQu9z
> q5QA6mcCyffcFyqB/t8F/29JfjQbAhO7rDxOG8UCumQ1rY477ENkFrZRjuImu5t1
> XQ5rpldm8hRMnhKQDdnWzJpZFXosfPlZlTZD2ySpHksoyF2iXIwyXcnqgnFdCsMf
> Y2PslNdy1WSASeMFAb7Yzv7v0Sgw7M9SHvkKyQIDAQABAoIBADfbycKvrm484SiS
> 2EzHEn9SjWNR0QsdLwEkjY1Yd+7jxK/NLNzVfY0RD6KAAOCLW07Sm7JJX9+olpwz
> hbW3Wo5aeiUuqiaIiFa2HzT9kK5A6MEhBLD4vpQi5LOMOHwRikLTEN02OUFMfkU6
> lCGVQk7aYIaDSNfO+3rcrVLWXEcGtW7w7M116eWcZhYNjStO6yqv6vNpGQfAQVeD
> bKrd5pWwWXw9GEiIx98pbFWuZYl6zFyPzMOHu3bvBhEnV83FTUthmuG/bvmlINie
> OvRFFhllbeDUIkmWPlH7r/3pSUq+TCp205/mGJPJlH/upzUuazjqkgcd4Lcpb3sx
> 5XwI7qUCgYEA/tQyiZ5w1+bUQc4198T5ULLs3shi8AAvNrJBtmAF8YshkiuZ0dWH
> G2IwIWVU0fczXl/mV8fUcspwnB7c0Gxsj4qkcYYcvMp3eOumO+EptONWIn7C4tTj
> enaPnjJHshKwSSuhJYc2bJl+dvK5E5JiujlOXNilS06Iyq0kK8Zdpf8CgYEA5C7Y
> 7/xaRYBSAA0Ph1LHSZLNa2pByq7XbkhXwoRysnirtl+znsNQdNX6vm0p+xt3OTUP
> PD/XxzouKI2HHI4zs2bHMHS5Oh0axgdbOTzrZyvZh23dAwFNtt2FOlpoxXPwLLe9
> qwhrL2u5LAVv26b41AetITDqWN7nyavtR4M/nzcCgYEA6Cj0vfIuRlSTDjzLaCb5
> KO9J5BHWKWdRnFg8i+XhpFSoSh4U7lnF1EnZJaPG6d932kQue8yfndEXVPS9IdmV
> 8hRSiuavKcSfofe2pBkXwSfYomawMK3ZbQm1AGA4d2CVYKQyFRmhmMEiuUWbHdyg
> u55X6TirJveuok+pg4Qeb4sCgYEAySWy/vsJ6LKRlpHs2nHSU70hcEse7Djsl78V
> /dcb9NADLqV2hcHPLu9iNnOsyjsQAlIPuCDfajSTdBQuwrFoSgGUHdcHYX8+lsrt
> U6usKCqze3sRlRCVHVpxk1sXeNgXJJRkkly9f/QKLBAu5wZt2xtZNyUTsHvvAAyb
> AqtkbkkCgYADUHQadxHZxNhwHNW/yhfGxSU/lOm2CMM5AbMrmemPNxAafw5QYNUq
> iNA1pfQ0KJvciM0078lUEIrt4L3ehR85opLNIjeZ728V/r/OzZVS6TsxNy5ZXK2B
> 9fLSNix4p8BUMHxQ7ArQrOEWZMsrSqyZwjPLebhI87AaheIZzUvYMA==
> -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----'>~/.ssh/id_rsa
[[email protected] ~]# chmod 600 .ssh/id_rsa
[[email protected] ~]# eval `ssh-agent`
Agent pid 4278
[[email protected] ~]# ssh-add .ssh/id_rsa
Identity added: .ssh/id_rsa (.ssh/id_rsa)
此步驟中需要注意的是，echo後面的引號不要用雙引號，私鑰的許可權要求為600，後面的兩條命令必不可少，不解釋！
再次測試一下：
[[email protected] ~]# ssh -T [email protected]
Hi mrivandu! You've successfully authenticated, but GitHub does not provide shell access.
再次體會到成功的喜悅。以上內容是使用本人的GitHub賬戶親自實戰的，私鑰已刪除，請勿使用此私鑰嘗試連線本人GitHub倉庫。
三.總結
3.1 很久之前就在使用Github了，但是一直未能寫一片關於GitHub的使用教程。GitHub為我們的coding工作帶來了極大便利，學會使用這個工具顯得格外重要。
3.2 本文僅僅介紹了Git在Linux環境下的主要配置方法，其他環境也大同小異。
3.3 文中涉及到的git命令的使用極為簡單，如需進一步使用，還需要進行系統話的學習，此步驟可以參閱本文相關資料部分。
3.4 我的GitHub除了程式碼託管之外，還被我當成了部落格備份的地方及圖床，一般人我都不告訴他。此處邪惡一笑~
四.相關資料
4.1 Github官方文件
4.2 Git官方中文文件