1. 程式人生 > >mysq表的三種關係,資料的增刪改以及單表多表查詢

mysq表的三種關係,資料的增刪改以及單表多表查詢

一丶三種關係

分析步驟:
#1、先站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多條記錄可以對應右表的一條記錄,如果是,則證明左表的一個欄位foreign key 右表一個欄位(通常是id)

#2、再站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多條記錄可以對應左表的一條記錄,如果是,則證明右表的一個欄位foreign key 左表一個欄位(通常是id)

#3、總結:
#多對一:
如果只有步驟1成立,則是左表多對一右表
如果只有步驟2成立,則是右表多對一左表

#多對多
如果步驟1和2同時成立,則證明這兩張表時一個雙向的多對一,即多對多,需要定義一個這兩張表的關係表來專門存放二者的關係

#一對一:
如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一條記錄唯一對應右表的一條記錄,反之亦然。這種情況很簡單,就是在左表foreign key右表的基礎上,將左表的外來鍵欄位設定成unique即可
如何找出兩張表之間的關係

  1.表的三種關係

    (1)書和出版社

      一對多(或多對一):一個出版社可以出版很多本書.

      關聯方式:foreign key

create table press(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
);

create table book(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    press_id 
int not null, constraint fk_book_press foreign key(press_id) references press(id) on delete cascade on update cascade ); # 先往被關聯表中插入記錄 insert into press(name) values ('北京工業地雷出版社'), ('人民音樂不好聽出版社'), ('智慧財產權沒有用出版社') ; # 再往關聯表中插入記錄 insert into book(name,press_id) values (
'九陽神功',1), ('九陰真經',2), ('九陰白骨爪',2), ('獨孤九劍',3), ('降龍十巴掌',2), ('葵花寶典',3) ; 查詢結果: mysql> select * from book; +----+-----------------+----------+ | id | name | press_id | +----+-----------------+----------+ | 1 | 九陽神功 | 1 | | 2 | 九陰真經 | 2 | | 3 | 九陰白骨爪 | 2 | | 4 | 獨孤九劍 | 3 | | 5 | 降龍十巴掌 | 2 | | 6 | 葵花寶典 | 3 | +----+-----------------+----------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from press; +----+--------------------------------+ | id | name | +----+--------------------------------+ | 1 | 北京工業地雷出版社 | | 2 | 人民音樂不好聽出版社 | | 3 | 智慧財產權沒有用出版社 | +----+--------------------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
書和出版社

    (2)作者和書籍的關係

      多對多:一個作者可以寫多本書,一本書也可以有很多個作者,雙向的一對多,即多對多

      關聯方式:foreign key + 一張新的表

# 建立被關聯表author表,之前的book表在講多對一的關係已建立
create table author(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
);
#這張表就存放了author表和book表的關係,即查詢二者的關係查這表就可以了
create table author2book(
    id int not null unique auto_increment,
    author_id int not null,
    book_id int not null,
    constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade,
    constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade,
    primary key(author_id,book_id)
);
#插入四個作者,id依次排開
insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('wusir'),('yuanhao');

# 每個作者的代表作
egon: 九陽神功、九陰真經、九陰白骨爪、獨孤九劍、降龍十巴掌、葵花寶典
alex: 九陽神功、葵花寶典
wusir:獨孤九劍、降龍十巴掌、葵花寶典
yuanhao:九陽神功

# 在author2book表中插入相應的資料

insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;
# 現在就可以查author2book對應的作者和書的關係了
mysql> select * from author2book;
+----+-----------+---------+
| id | author_id | book_id |
+----+-----------+---------+
|  1 |         1 |       1 |
|  2 |         1 |       2 |
|  3 |         1 |       3 |
|  4 |         1 |       4 |
|  5 |         1 |       5 |
|  6 |         1 |       6 |
|  7 |         2 |       1 |
|  8 |         2 |       6 |
|  9 |         3 |       4 |
| 10 |         3 |       5 |
| 11 |         3 |       6 |
| 12 |         4 |       1 |
+----+-----------+---------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)
作者和書籍的關係

    (3)使用者和部落格

      一對一:一個使用者只能註冊一個部落格,即一對一的關係.

      關聯方式:foreign key + unique

#例如: 一個使用者只能註冊一個部落格

#兩張表: 使用者表 (user)和 部落格表(blog)
# 建立使用者表
create table user(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
);
# 建立部落格表
create table blog(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    url varchar(100),
    user_id int unique,
    constraint fk_user foreign key(user_id) references user(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade
);
#插入使用者表中的記錄
insert into user(name) values
('alex'),
('wusir'),
('egon'),
('xiaoma')
;
# 插入部落格表的記錄
insert into blog(url,user_id) values
('http://www.cnblog/alex',1),
('http://www.cnblog/wusir',2),
('http://www.cnblog/egon',3),
('http://www.cnblog/xiaoma',4)
;
# 查詢wusir的部落格地址
select url from blog where user_id=2;

使用者和部落格(一對一)
使用者和部落格的關係

 二丶資料的增刪改

一、
在MySQL管理軟體中,可以通過SQL語句中的DML語言來實現資料的操作,包括

1.使用INSERT實現資料的插入
2.UPDATE實現資料的更新
3.使用DELETE實現資料的刪除
4.使用SELECT查詢資料以及。


二、插入資料 INSERT
1. 插入完整資料(順序插入)
    語法一:
    INSERT INTO 表名(欄位1,欄位2,欄位3…欄位n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);

    語法二:
    INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);

2. 指定欄位插入資料
    語法:
    INSERT INTO 表名(欄位1,欄位2,欄位3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);

3. 插入多條記錄
    語法:
    INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES
        (值1,值2,值3…值n),
        (值1,值2,值3…值n),
        (值1,值2,值3…值n);

 4. 插入查詢結果
    語法:
    INSERT INTO 表名(欄位1,欄位2,欄位3…欄位n) 
                    SELECT (欄位1,欄位2,欄位3…欄位n) FROM 表2
                    WHERE …;

三、更新資料UPDATE
語法:
    UPDATE 表名 SET
        欄位1=值1,
        欄位2=值2,
        WHERE CONDITION;

示例:
    UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password(‘123’) 
        where user=’root’ and host=’localhost’;
四、刪除資料DELETE
語法:
    DELETE FROM 表名 
        WHERE CONITION;

示例:
    DELETE FROM mysql.user 
        WHERE password=’’;

三丶 單表查詢

一、單表查詢的語法
   SELECT 欄位1,欄位2... FROM 表名
                  WHERE 條件
                  GROUP BY field
                  HAVING 篩選
                  ORDER BY field
                  LIMIT 限制條數
二、關鍵字的執行優先順序(重點)

重點中的重點:關鍵字的執行優先順序
from
where
group by
having
select
distinct
order by
limit

1.找到表:from

2.拿著where指定的約束條件,去檔案/表中取出一條條記錄

3.將取出的一條條記錄進行分組group by,如果沒有group by,則整體作為一組

4.將分組的結果進行having過濾

5.執行select

6.去重

7.將結果按條件排序:order by

8.限制結果的顯示條數
#建立表,設定欄位的約束條件
create table employee(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name  varchar(20) not null,
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
    age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
    hire_date date not null,
    post varchar(50),
    post_comment varchar(100),
    salary  double(15,2),
    office int,#一個部門一個屋
    depart_id int
);
# 查看錶結構
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field                | Type                              | Null | Key     | Default | Extra          |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id                      | int(11)                            | NO   | PRI     | NULL    | auto_increment |
| emp_name             | varchar(20)                   | NO   |             | NULL    |                |
| sex                  | enum('male','female')   | NO   |             | male    |                |
| age                  | int(3) unsigned               | NO   |             | 28         |                |
| hire_date        | date                              | NO   |             | NULL    |                |
| post                 | varchar(50)                   | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| post_comment     | varchar(100)                  | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| salart               | double(15,2)                  | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| office              | int(11)                           | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| depart_id        | int(11)                           | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
10 rows in set (0.08 sec)

#插入記錄
#三個部門:教學,銷售,運營
insert into employee(name ,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教學部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('xiaomage','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是銷售部門
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('張野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是運營部門
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬銀','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬銅','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬鐵','
建立員工表,並插入資料

   1.where約束

where子句中可以使用
1.比較運算子:><>=<=<>!=
2.between 80 and 100 :值在80到100之間
3.in(80,90,100)值是10或20或30
4.like 'xiaomagepattern': pattern可以是%或者_。%小時任意多字元,_表示一個字元
5.邏輯運算子:在多個條件直接可以使用邏輯運算子 and or not
#1 :單條件查詢
mysql> select id,emp_name from employee where id > 5;
+----+------------+
| id | emp_name   |
+----+------------+
|  6 | jingliyang |
|  7 | jinxin     |
|  8 | xiaomage   |
|  9 | 歪歪       |
| 10 | 丫丫       |
| 11 | 丁丁       |
| 12 | 星星       |
| 13 | 格格       |
| 14 | 張野       |
| 15 | 程咬金     |
| 16 | 程咬銀     |
| 17 | 程咬銅     |
| 18 | 程咬鐵     |

#2 多條件查詢
mysql> select emp_name from employee where post='teacher' and salary>10000;
+----------+
| emp_name |
+----------+
| alex         |
| jinxin     |
+----------+

#3.關鍵字BETWEEN AND
 SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

 SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

#注意''是空字串,不是null
 SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment='';
 ps:
        執行
        update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
        再用上條檢視,就會有結果了
#5:關鍵字IN集合查詢
mysql>  SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
+------------+---------+
| name       | salary  |
+------------+---------+
| yuanhao    | 3500.00 |
| jingliyang | 9000.00 |
+------------+---------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>  SELECT name,salary FROM employee  WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
+------------+---------+
| name       | salary  |
+------------+---------+
| yuanhao    | 3500.00 |
| jingliyang | 9000.00 |
+------------+---------+
mysql>  SELECT name,salary FROM employee  WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
+-----------+------------+
| name      | salary     |
+-----------+------------+
| egon      |    7300.33 |
| alex      | 1000000.31 |
| wupeiqi   |    8300.00 |
| liwenzhou |    2100.00 |
| jinxin    |   30000.00 |
| xiaomage  |   10000.00 |
| 歪歪      |    3000.13 |
| 丫丫      |    2000.35 |
| 丁丁      |    1000.37 |
| 星星      |    3000.29 |
| 格格      |    4000.33 |
| 張野      |   10000.13 |
| 程咬金    |   20000.00 |
| 程咬銀    |   19000.00 |
| 程咬銅    |   18000.00 |
| 程咬鐵    |   17000.00 |
+-----------+------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#6:關鍵字LIKE模糊查詢
萬用字元’%’
mysql> SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'jin%';
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name       | sex    | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
|  6 | jingliyang | female |  18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL         |  9000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  7 | jinxin     | male   |  18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL         | 30000.00 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)


萬用字元'_'

mysql> SELECT  age FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'ale_';
+-----+
| age |
+-----+
|  78 |
+-----+
row in set (0.00 sec)

練習:
1. 檢視崗位是teacher的員工姓名、年齡
2. 檢視崗位是teacher且年齡大於30歲的員工姓名、年齡
3. 檢視崗位是teacher且薪資在9000-1000範圍內的員工姓名、年齡、薪資
4. 檢視崗位描述不為NULL的員工資訊
5. 檢視崗位是teacher且薪資是10000或9000或30000的員工姓名、年齡、薪資
6. 檢視崗位是teacher且薪資不是10000或9000或30000的員工姓名、年齡、薪資
7. 檢視崗位是teacher且名字是jin開頭的員工姓名、年薪

#對應的sql語句
select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; 
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%';

where約束
View Code

   2.group by 分組查詢

#1、首先明確一點:分組發生在where之後,即分組是基於where之後得到的記錄而進行的

#2、分組指的是:將所有記錄按照某個相同欄位進行歸類,比如針對員工資訊表的職位分組,或者按照性別進行分組等

#3、為何要分組呢?
    取每個部門的最高工資
    取每個部門的員工數
    取男人數和女人數

小竅門:‘每’這個字後面的欄位,就是我們分組的依據

#4、大前提:
    可以按照任意欄位分組,但是分組完畢後,比如group by post,只能檢視post欄位,如果想檢視組內資訊,需要藉助於聚合函式

   當執行以下sql語句的時候,是以post欄位查詢了組中的第一條資料,沒有任何意義,因為我們現在想查出當前組的多條記錄。

mysql> select * from employee group by post;
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name   | sex    | age | hire_date  | post                                    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 14 | 張野   | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation                               | NULL         |   10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
|  9 | 歪歪   | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale                                    | NULL         |    3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
|  2 | alex   | male   |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                                 |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  1 | egon   | male   |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使              | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#由於沒有設定ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,於是也可以有結果,預設都是組內的第一條記錄,但其實這是沒有意義的
如果想分組,則必須要設定全域性的sql的模式為ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY
mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

#檢視MySQL 5.7預設的sql_mode如下:
mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
+--------------------+
| @@global.sql_mode  |
+--------------------+
| ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY |
+--------------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> exit;#設定成功後,一定要退出,然後重新登入方可生效
Bye
View Code

   繼續驗證通過group by分組之後,只能檢視當前欄位,如果想檢視組內資訊,需要藉助於聚合函式

mysql> select * from emp group by post;# 報錯
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'post' in 'group statement'



mysql>  select post from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+
| post                                    |
+-----------------------------------------+
| operation                               |
| sale                                    |
| teacher                                 |
| 老同安駐沙河辦事處外交大使              |
+-----------------------------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

   3.聚合函式

max()求最大值
min()求最小值
avg()求平均值
sum() 求和
count() 求總個數

#強調:聚合函式聚合的是組的內容,若是沒有分組,則預設一組
# 每個部門有多少個員工
select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
# 每個部門的最高薪水
select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
# 每個部門的最低薪水
select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
# 每個部門的平均薪水
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
# 每個部門的所有薪水
select post,sum(salary) from employee group by post;
1. 查詢崗位名以及崗位包含的所有員工名字
2. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位內包含的員工個數
3. 查詢公司內男員工和女員工的個數
4. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的平均薪資
5. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的最高薪資
6. 查詢崗位名以及各崗位的最低薪資
7. 查詢男員工與男員工的平均薪資,女員工與女員工的平均薪資

小練習
練習

   4.HAVING過濾

HAVING與WHERE不一樣的地方在於

#!!!執行優先順序從高到低:where > group by > having 
#1. Where 發生在分組group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意欄位,但是絕對不能使用聚合函式。

#2. Having發生在分組group by之後,因而Having中可以使用分組的欄位,無法直接取到其他欄位,可以使用聚合函式
驗證:
mysql> select * from employee where salary>1000000;
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex  | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
|  2 | alex | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from employee having salary>1000000;
ERROR 1463 (42000): Non-grouping field 'salary' is used in HAVING clause

# 必須使用group by才能使用group_concat()函式,將所有的name值連線
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having salary > 10000; ##錯誤,分組後無法直接取到salary欄位
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'post' in 'field list'
驗證

   5.limit 限制查詢的記錄數:

示例:
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
     LIMIT 3;                    #預設初始位置為0 

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 0,5; #從第0開始,即先查詢出第一條,然後包含這一條在內往後查5條

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 5,5; #從第5開始,即先查詢出第6條,然後包含這一條在內往後查5條
# 第1頁資料
  mysql> select * from  employee limit 0,5;
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | sex  | age | hire_date  | post                                    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | egon      | male |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩駐沙河辦事處外交大使              | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
|  2 | alex      | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                                 |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  3 | wupeiqi   | male |  81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    8300.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  4 | yuanhao   | male |  73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    3500.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  5 | liwenzhou | male |  28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    2100.00 |    401 |         1 |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 第2頁資料
mysql> select * from  employee limit 5,5;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name       | sex    | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
|  6 | jingliyang | female |  18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL         |  9000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  7 | jinxin     | male   |  18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL         | 30000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  8 | xiaomage   | male   |  48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL         | 10000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  9 | 歪歪       | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale    | NULL         |  3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
| 10 | 丫丫       | female |  38 | 2010-11-01 | sale    | NULL         |  2000.35 |    402 |         2 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 第3頁資料
mysql> select * from  employee limit 10,5;
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | sex    | age | hire_date  | post      | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 11 | 丁丁      | female |  18 | 2011-03-12 | sale      | NULL         |  1000.37 |    402 |         2 |
| 12 | 星星      | female |  18 | 2016-05-13 | sale      | NULL         |  3000.29 |    402 |         2 |
| 13 | 格格      | female |  28 | 2017-01-27 | sale      | NULL         |  4000.33 |    402 |         2 |
| 14 | 張野      | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL         | 10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
| 15 | 程咬金    | m