全球化和本地化
阿新 • • 發佈：2018-12-15
1.什麼是字符集？什麼是校對集？
- 字符集是字母和符號的集合，每一個字元編碼都由字符集決定。
- 校對集是字母和符號的校對標準。校對集影響著字元的排序和搜尋。
2.檢視字符集和校對集：
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檢視mysql支援的字符集：show character set;
Charset:字符集
Description:描述
Default collation:預設字符集
Maxlen:最大字元長度
mysql> show character set; +----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+ | Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen | +----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+ | big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 | | dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 | | cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 | | hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 | | koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 | | latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 | | latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 | | swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 | | ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 | | ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 | | sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 | | hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 | | tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 | | euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 | | koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 | | gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 | | greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 | | cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 | | gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 | | latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 | | armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 | | utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 | | ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 | | cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 | | keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 | | macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 | | macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 | | cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 | | latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 | | utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 | | cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 | | utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 | | utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci | 4 | | cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 | | cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 | | utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 | | binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 | | geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 | | cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 | | eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 | +----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+ 40 rows in set -
檢視mysql支援的校對集：show collation;
mysql> show collation; +--------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+ | Collation | Charset | Id | Default | Compiled | Sortlen | +--------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+ | big5_chinese_ci | big5 | 1 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | big5_bin | big5 | 84 | | Yes | 1 | | dec8_swedish_ci | dec8 | 3 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | dec8_bin | dec8 | 69 | | Yes | 1 | | cp850_general_ci | cp850 | 4 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | cp850_bin | cp850 | 80 | | Yes | 1 | | hp8_english_ci | hp8 | 6 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | hp8_bin | hp8 | 72 | | Yes | 1 | | koi8r_general_ci | koi8r | 7 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | koi8r_bin | koi8r | 74 | | Yes | 1 | | latin1_german1_ci | latin1 | 5 | | Yes | 1 | | latin1_swedish_ci | latin1 | 8 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | latin1_danish_ci | latin1 | 15 | | Yes | 1 | | latin1_german2_ci | latin1 | 31 | | Yes | 2 | | latin1_bin | latin1 | 47 | | Yes | 1 | | latin1_general_ci | latin1 | 48 | | Yes | 1 | | latin1_general_cs | latin1 | 49 | | Yes | 1 | | latin1_spanish_ci | latin1 | 94 | | Yes | 1 | | latin2_czech_cs | latin2 | 2 | | Yes | 4 | | latin2_general_ci | latin2 | 9 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | latin2_hungarian_ci | latin2 | 21 | | Yes | 1 | | latin2_croatian_ci | latin2 | 27 | | Yes | 1 | | latin2_bin | latin2 | 77 | | Yes | 1 | | swe7_swedish_ci | swe7 | 10 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | swe7_bin | swe7 | 82 | | Yes | 1 | | ascii_general_ci | ascii | 11 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | ascii_bin | ascii | 65 | | Yes | 1 | | ujis_japanese_ci | ujis | 12 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | ujis_bin | ujis | 91 | | Yes | 1 | | sjis_japanese_ci | sjis | 13 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | sjis_bin | sjis | 88 | | Yes | 1 | | hebrew_general_ci | hebrew | 16 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | hebrew_bin | hebrew | 71 | | Yes | 1 | | tis620_thai_ci | tis620 | 18 | Yes | Yes | 4 | | tis620_bin | tis620 | 89 | | Yes | 1 | | euckr_korean_ci | euckr | 19 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | euckr_bin | euckr | 85 | | Yes | 1 | | koi8u_general_ci | koi8u | 22 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | koi8u_bin | koi8u | 75 | | Yes | 1 | | gb2312_chinese_ci | gb2312 | 24 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | gb2312_bin | gb2312 | 86 | | Yes | 1 | | greek_general_ci | greek | 25 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | greek_bin | greek | 70 | | Yes | 1 | | cp1250_general_ci | cp1250 | 26 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | cp1250_czech_cs | cp1250 | 34 | | Yes | 2 | | cp1250_croatian_ci | cp1250 | 44 | | Yes | 1 | | cp1250_bin | cp1250 | 66 | | Yes | 1 | | cp1250_polish_ci | cp1250 | 99 | | Yes | 1 | | gbk_chinese_ci | gbk | 28 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | gbk_bin | gbk | 87 | | Yes | 1 | | latin5_turkish_ci | latin5 | 30 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | latin5_bin | latin5 | 78 | | Yes | 1 | | armscii8_general_ci | armscii8 | 32 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | armscii8_bin | armscii8 | 64 | | Yes | 1 | | utf8_general_ci | utf8 | 33 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | utf8_bin | utf8 | 83 | | Yes | 1 | | utf8_unicode_ci | utf8 | 192 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_icelandic_ci | utf8 | 193 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_latvian_ci | utf8 | 194 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_romanian_ci | utf8 | 195 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_slovenian_ci | utf8 | 196 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_polish_ci | utf8 | 197 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_estonian_ci | utf8 | 198 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_spanish_ci | utf8 | 199 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_swedish_ci | utf8 | 200 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_turkish_ci | utf8 | 201 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_czech_ci | utf8 | 202 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_danish_ci | utf8 | 203 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_lithuanian_ci | utf8 | 204 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_slovak_ci | utf8 | 205 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_spanish2_ci | utf8 | 206 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_roman_ci | utf8 | 207 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_persian_ci | utf8 | 208 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_esperanto_ci | utf8 | 209 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_hungarian_ci | utf8 | 210 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_sinhala_ci | utf8 | 211 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_german2_ci | utf8 | 212 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_croatian_ci | utf8 | 213 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_unicode_520_ci | utf8 | 214 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_vietnamese_ci | utf8 | 215 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8_general_mysql500_ci | utf8 | 223 | | Yes | 1 | | ucs2_general_ci | ucs2 | 35 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | ucs2_bin | ucs2 | 90 | | Yes | 1 | | ucs2_unicode_ci | ucs2 | 128 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_icelandic_ci | ucs2 | 129 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_latvian_ci | ucs2 | 130 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_romanian_ci | ucs2 | 131 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_slovenian_ci | ucs2 | 132 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_polish_ci | ucs2 | 133 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_estonian_ci | ucs2 | 134 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_spanish_ci | ucs2 | 135 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_swedish_ci | ucs2 | 136 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_turkish_ci | ucs2 | 137 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_czech_ci | ucs2 | 138 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_danish_ci | ucs2 | 139 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_lithuanian_ci | ucs2 | 140 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_slovak_ci | ucs2 | 141 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_spanish2_ci | ucs2 | 142 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_roman_ci | ucs2 | 143 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_persian_ci | ucs2 | 144 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_esperanto_ci | ucs2 | 145 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_hungarian_ci | ucs2 | 146 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_sinhala_ci | ucs2 | 147 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_german2_ci | ucs2 | 148 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_croatian_ci | ucs2 | 149 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_unicode_520_ci | ucs2 | 150 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_vietnamese_ci | ucs2 | 151 | | Yes | 8 | | ucs2_general_mysql500_ci | ucs2 | 159 | | Yes | 1 | | cp866_general_ci | cp866 | 36 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | cp866_bin | cp866 | 68 | | Yes | 1 | | keybcs2_general_ci | keybcs2 | 37 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | keybcs2_bin | keybcs2 | 73 | | Yes | 1 | | macce_general_ci | macce | 38 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | macce_bin | macce | 43 | | Yes | 1 | | macroman_general_ci | macroman | 39 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | macroman_bin | macroman | 53 | | Yes | 1 | | cp852_general_ci | cp852 | 40 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | cp852_bin | cp852 | 81 | | Yes | 1 | | latin7_estonian_cs | latin7 | 20 | | Yes | 1 | | latin7_general_ci | latin7 | 41 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | latin7_general_cs | latin7 | 42 | | Yes | 1 | | latin7_bin | latin7 | 79 | | Yes | 1 | | utf8mb4_general_ci | utf8mb4 | 45 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | utf8mb4_bin | utf8mb4 | 46 | | Yes | 1 | | utf8mb4_unicode_ci | utf8mb4 | 224 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_icelandic_ci | utf8mb4 | 225 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_latvian_ci | utf8mb4 | 226 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_romanian_ci | utf8mb4 | 227 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_slovenian_ci | utf8mb4 | 228 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_polish_ci | utf8mb4 | 229 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_estonian_ci | utf8mb4 | 230 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_spanish_ci | utf8mb4 | 231 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_swedish_ci | utf8mb4 | 232 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_turkish_ci | utf8mb4 | 233 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_czech_ci | utf8mb4 | 234 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_danish_ci | utf8mb4 | 235 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_lithuanian_ci | utf8mb4 | 236 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_slovak_ci | utf8mb4 | 237 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_spanish2_ci | utf8mb4 | 238 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_roman_ci | utf8mb4 | 239 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_persian_ci | utf8mb4 | 240 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_esperanto_ci | utf8mb4 | 241 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_hungarian_ci | utf8mb4 | 242 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_sinhala_ci | utf8mb4 | 243 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_german2_ci | utf8mb4 | 244 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_croatian_ci | utf8mb4 | 245 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_unicode_520_ci | utf8mb4 | 246 | | Yes | 8 | | utf8mb4_vietnamese_ci | utf8mb4 | 247 | | Yes | 8 | | cp1251_bulgarian_ci | cp1251 | 14 | | Yes | 1 | | cp1251_ukrainian_ci | cp1251 | 23 | | Yes | 1 | | cp1251_bin | cp1251 | 50 | | Yes | 1 | | cp1251_general_ci | cp1251 | 51 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | cp1251_general_cs | cp1251 | 52 | | Yes | 1 | | utf16_general_ci | utf16 | 54 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | utf16_bin | utf16 | 55 | | Yes | 1 | | utf16_unicode_ci | utf16 | 101 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_icelandic_ci | utf16 | 102 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_latvian_ci | utf16 | 103 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_romanian_ci | utf16 | 104 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_slovenian_ci | utf16 | 105 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_polish_ci | utf16 | 106 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_estonian_ci | utf16 | 107 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_spanish_ci | utf16 | 108 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_swedish_ci | utf16 | 109 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_turkish_ci | utf16 | 110 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_czech_ci | utf16 | 111 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_danish_ci | utf16 | 112 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_lithuanian_ci | utf16 | 113 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_slovak_ci | utf16 | 114 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_spanish2_ci | utf16 | 115 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_roman_ci | utf16 | 116 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_persian_ci | utf16 | 117 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_esperanto_ci | utf16 | 118 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_hungarian_ci | utf16 | 119 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_sinhala_ci | utf16 | 120 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_german2_ci | utf16 | 121 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_croatian_ci | utf16 | 122 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_unicode_520_ci | utf16 | 123 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16_vietnamese_ci | utf16 | 124 | | Yes | 8 | | utf16le_general_ci | utf16le | 56 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | utf16le_bin | utf16le | 62 | | Yes | 1 | | cp1256_general_ci | cp1256 | 57 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | cp1256_bin | cp1256 | 67 | | Yes | 1 | | cp1257_lithuanian_ci | cp1257 | 29 | | Yes | 1 | | cp1257_bin | cp1257 | 58 | | Yes | 1 | | cp1257_general_ci | cp1257 | 59 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | utf32_general_ci | utf32 | 60 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | utf32_bin | utf32 | 61 | | Yes | 1 | | utf32_unicode_ci | utf32 | 160 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_icelandic_ci | utf32 | 161 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_latvian_ci | utf32 | 162 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_romanian_ci | utf32 | 163 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_slovenian_ci | utf32 | 164 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_polish_ci | utf32 | 165 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_estonian_ci | utf32 | 166 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_spanish_ci | utf32 | 167 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_swedish_ci | utf32 | 168 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_turkish_ci | utf32 | 169 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_czech_ci | utf32 | 170 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_danish_ci | utf32 | 171 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_lithuanian_ci | utf32 | 172 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_slovak_ci | utf32 | 173 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_spanish2_ci | utf32 | 174 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_roman_ci | utf32 | 175 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_persian_ci | utf32 | 176 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_esperanto_ci | utf32 | 177 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_hungarian_ci | utf32 | 178 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_sinhala_ci | utf32 | 179 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_german2_ci | utf32 | 180 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_croatian_ci | utf32 | 181 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_unicode_520_ci | utf32 | 182 | | Yes | 8 | | utf32_vietnamese_ci | utf32 | 183 | | Yes | 8 | | binary | binary | 63 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | geostd8_general_ci | geostd8 | 92 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | geostd8_bin | geostd8 | 93 | | Yes | 1 | | cp932_japanese_ci | cp932 | 95 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | cp932_bin | cp932 | 96 | | Yes | 1 | | eucjpms_japanese_ci | eucjpms | 97 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | eucjpms_bin | eucjpms | 98 | | Yes | 1 | +--------------------------+----------+-----+---------+----------+---------+ 219 rows in set -
檢視服務端預設的字符集：show variables like ‘char%’;
character_set_client:認為客戶端傳輸資料的字符集
character_set_connection:認為“連線”的字符集，可以認為是客戶端和服務端中間的翻譯人
character_set_database:建立資料庫預設的字符集
character_set_filesystem:儲存資料庫檔案的字符集
character_set_results:返回給客戶端的資料的字符集
character_set_server:服務端的資料的字符集
character_set_system:mysql系統的字符集
character_sets_dir:目錄
mysql> show variables like 'char%'; +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ | character_set_client | utf8 | | character_set_connection | utf8 | | character_set_database | utf8 | | character_set_filesystem | binary | | character_set_results | utf8 | | character_set_server | utf8 | | character_set_system | utf8 | | character_sets_dir | C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 5.6\share\charsets\ | +--------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+ 8 rows in set -
檢視服務端預設的校對集：show variables like ‘collation%’;
collation_connection:“連線”的校對集
collation_database:建立資料庫預設的校對集
collation_server:服務端資料的校對集
mysql> show variables like 'collation%'; +----------------------+-----------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------+-----------------+ | collation_connection | utf8_general_ci | | collation_database | utf8_general_ci | | collation_server | utf8_general_ci | +----------------------+-----------------+ 3 rows in set
3.設定字符集和校對集
設定資料庫資料表的字符集：
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實際上，字符集很少是伺服器範圍（甚至資料庫範圍）的設定。不同的表，甚至不同的列都可能需要不同的字符集，而且兩者都可以在建立表時指定【語出mysql必知必會】。下面介紹不使用預設配置來建立資料庫、資料表
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- 建立資料庫：create database 資料庫名 charset 字符集 collate 校對集;【校對集並不是必要的，每一個字符集都有預設的校對集，如果沒有校對集將使用預設的】
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mysql> create database test6 charset utf8 collate utf8_general_ci;
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- 建立資料表：create table 表名 charset 字符集 collate 校對集;
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create table t1(id int) charset utf8 collate utf8_general_ci;
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- 給某一列指定字符集和校對集：
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create table t3(name varchar(15) charset utf8 collate utf8_general_ci);
設定服務端和客戶端的字符集:
- 語法：set character_set_xxx =字符集; 【character_set_xxx是上面檢視字符集中的服務端的各個預設字符集，意義在上面已經標上了】【這種設定是會話級的，僅在當次連線生效。】
- 如果想要永久修改服務端的字符集：windows下修改my.ini檔案【就是mysql的配置檔案，可以從mysql服務中檢視在哪】，在mysqld中將character-set-server的值修改為指定的字符集【修改的是服務端的字符集】
補充：
- 不可永久配置服務端認為客戶端的字符集，每一個連線過來的客戶端的字符集都是不確定的，應該由客戶端設定當次連線的字符集來指定字符集。
4.mysql中的中文資料問題：
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mysql中的中文資料問題本質上還是字符集問題，想要識別和儲存中文資料，必須設定能編碼中文的字符集。
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gbk和utf8都是支援mysql的，一般都是將mysql的字符集更改成utf8來識別中文。
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如何配置（以gbk為例）：
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- 首先要考慮的一個是：**如果你使用命令列模式，預設情況下字元的編碼格式是gbk的，**也就是說客戶端的資料編碼是gbk的；
- 如果服務端要識別客戶端傳來的中文，那麼需要設定服務端認為客戶端的字符集為gbk;set character_set_client =‘gbk’;
- 如果服務端要返回中文給客戶端，需要將服務端返回給客戶端的資料的字符集設定為gbk;set character_set_results =‘gbk’;
- 對於單次會話，可以直接使用set names = ‘gbk’;【執行set names= 'gbk’就是把character_set_client、character_set_connection、character_set_results這3個引數值都設為gbk】