Java內建觀察者模式示例

在Java中通過Observable類和Observer介面實現了觀察者模式。一個或多個Observer物件監視著一個Observable物件的變化，當Observable物件發生變化時，Observer得到通知，就可以進行相應的工作。

package test.observer.java;

import java.util.Observable;

/**
 * 被觀察者
 * @author sunlh
 *
 */
public class ObservableImpl extends Observable{
	
	public void changeCount() {
		for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
			setChanged();// 設定改變變數
			notifyObservers(i);// 通知所有觀察者，將i傳遞給所有觀察者
			try {
				Thread.sleep(1000);
			} catch (InterruptedException e) {
				e.printStackTrace();
			}
		}
	}
}
 

package test.observer.java;

import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;

/**
 * 觀察者1
 * @author sunlh
 *
 */
public class Watcher1 implements Observer{
	@Override
	public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
		System.out.println("觀察者1觀察到值變化 " + arg);
	}

}

package test.observer.java;

import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;

/**
 * 觀察者2
 * @author sunlh
 *
 */
public class Watcher2 implements Observer{
	@Override
	public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
		System.out.println("觀察者2觀察到值變化 " + arg);
	}

}

 

package test.observer.java;

import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;

/**
 * 觀察者3
 * @author sunlh
 *
 */
public class Watcher3 implements Observer{
	@Override
	public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
		System.out.println("觀察者3觀察到值變化 " + arg);
	}

}

package test.observer.java;
/**
 * 測試
 * @author sunlh
 *
 */
public class ObserverTest {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		// 初始化觀察者
		Watcher1 watcher1 = new Watcher1();
		Watcher2 watcher2 = new Watcher2();
		Watcher3 watcher3 = new Watcher3();
		// 初始化被觀察者
		ObservableImpl observableImpl = new ObservableImpl();
		// 新增觀察者
		observableImpl.addObserver(watcher1);
		observableImpl.addObserver(watcher2);
		observableImpl.addObserver(watcher3);
		// 測試
		observableImpl.changeCount();
	}
}

 

測試結果：

觀察者3觀察到值變化 0
觀察者2觀察到值變化 0
觀察者1觀察到值變化 0
觀察者3觀察到值變化 1
觀察者2觀察到值變化 1
觀察者1觀察到值變化 1
觀察者3觀察到值變化 2
觀察者2觀察到值變化 2
觀察者1觀察到值變化 2
觀察者3觀察到值變化 3
觀察者2觀察到值變化 3
觀察者1觀察到值變化 3
觀察者3觀察到值變化 4
觀察者2觀察到值變化 4
觀察者1觀察到值變化 4
觀察者3觀察到值變化 5
觀察者2觀察到值變化 5
觀察者1觀察到值變化 5
觀察者3觀察到值變化 6
觀察者2觀察到值變化 6
觀察者1觀察到值變化 6
觀察者3觀察到值變化 7
觀察者2觀察到值變化 7
觀察者1觀察到值變化 7
觀察者3觀察到值變化 8
觀察者2觀察到值變化 8
觀察者1觀察到值變化 8
觀察者3觀察到值變化 9
觀察者2觀察到值變化 9
觀察者1觀察到值變化 9

附錄：

java.util.Observable原始碼

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1994, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 */

package java.util;

/**
 * This class represents an observable object, or "data"
 * in the model-view paradigm. It can be subclassed to represent an
 * object that the application wants to have observed.
 * <p>
 * An observable object can have one or more observers. An observer
 * may be any object that implements interface <tt>Observer</tt>. After an
 * observable instance changes, an application calling the
 * <code>Observable</code>'s <code>notifyObservers</code> method
 * causes all of its observers to be notified of the change by a call
 * to their <code>update</code> method.
 * <p>
 * The order in which notifications will be delivered is unspecified.
 * The default implementation provided in the Observable class will
 * notify Observers in the order in which they registered interest, but
 * subclasses may change this order, use no guaranteed order, deliver
 * notifications on separate threads, or may guarantee that their
 * subclass follows this order, as they choose.
 * <p>
 * Note that this notification mechanism has nothing to do with threads
 * and is completely separate from the <tt>wait</tt> and <tt>notify</tt>
 * mechanism of class <tt>Object</tt>.
 * <p>
 * When an observable object is newly created, its set of observers is
 * empty. Two observers are considered the same if and only if the
 * <tt>equals</tt> method returns true for them.
 *
 * @author  Chris Warth
 * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
 * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
 * @see     java.util.Observer
 * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public class Observable {
    private boolean changed = false;
    private Vector<Observer> obs;

    /** Construct an Observable with zero Observers. */

    public Observable() {
        obs = new Vector<>();
    }

    /**
     * Adds an observer to the set of observers for this object, provided
     * that it is not the same as some observer already in the set.
     * The order in which notifications will be delivered to multiple
     * observers is not specified. See the class comment.
     *
     * @param   o   an observer to be added.
     * @throws NullPointerException   if the parameter o is null.
     */
    public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) {
        if (o == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (!obs.contains(o)) {
            obs.addElement(o);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Deletes an observer from the set of observers of this object.
     * Passing <CODE>null</CODE> to this method will have no effect.
     * @param   o   the observer to be deleted.
     */
    public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) {
        obs.removeElement(o);
    }

    /**
     * If this object has changed, as indicated by the
     * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
     * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to
     * indicate that this object has no longer changed.
     * <p>
     * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
     * arguments: this observable object and <code>null</code>. In other
     * words, this method is equivalent to:
     * <blockquote><tt>
     * notifyObservers(null)</tt></blockquote>
     *
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void notifyObservers() {
        notifyObservers(null);
    }

    /**
     * If this object has changed, as indicated by the
     * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
     * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to indicate
     * that this object has no longer changed.
     * <p>
     * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
     * arguments: this observable object and the <code>arg</code> argument.
     *
     * @param   arg   any object.
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void notifyObservers(Object arg) {
        /*
         * a temporary array buffer, used as a snapshot of the state of
         * current Observers.
         */
        Object[] arrLocal;

        synchronized (this) {
            /* We don't want the Observer doing callbacks into
             * arbitrary code while holding its own Monitor.
             * The code where we extract each Observable from
             * the Vector and store the state of the Observer
             * needs synchronization, but notifying observers
             * does not (should not).  The worst result of any
             * potential race-condition here is that:
             * 1) a newly-added Observer will miss a
             *   notification in progress
             * 2) a recently unregistered Observer will be
             *   wrongly notified when it doesn't care
             */
            if (!changed)
                return;
            arrLocal = obs.toArray();
            clearChanged();
        }

        for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--)
            ((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg);
    }

    /**
     * Clears the observer list so that this object no longer has any observers.
     */
    public synchronized void deleteObservers() {
        obs.removeAllElements();
    }

    /**
     * Marks this <tt>Observable</tt> object as having been changed; the
     * <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>true</tt>.
     */
    protected synchronized void setChanged() {
        changed = true;
    }

    /**
     * Indicates that this object has no longer changed, or that it has
     * already notified all of its observers of its most recent change,
     * so that the <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>false</tt>.
     * This method is called automatically by the
     * <code>notifyObservers</code> methods.
     *
     * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
     */
    protected synchronized void clearChanged() {
        changed = false;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this object has changed.
     *
     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the <code>setChanged</code>
     *          method has been called more recently than the
     *          <code>clearChanged</code> method on this object;
     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#setChanged()
     */
    public synchronized boolean hasChanged() {
        return changed;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of observers of this <tt>Observable</tt> object.
     *
     * @return  the number of observers of this object.
     */
    public synchronized int countObservers() {
        return obs.size();
    }
}