筆記 Data Processing Using Python 5（GUI和圖形化介面）
阿新 • • 發佈：2018-12-19
繼承：私有屬性和方法
- 預設情況下，python類的成員屬性和方法都是public。
- 提供“訪問控制符號”來限定成員函式的訪問。
- 雙下劃線--—_var屬性會被_classname_var替換，將防止父類與子類中的同名衝突。
- 單下劃線———在屬性名前使用一個單下劃線字元，防止模組的屬性用“from mymodule import *”來載入。
GUI的基本框架
- 一個wxPython的例子
import wx wxclass MyApp(wx.App): MyApp(wx.App):def OnInit(self):def OnInit(self):
frame=wx.Frame(None,title="Hello, World!")frame=wx.Frame(None,title="Hello, World!") frame.show()frame.show() return Truereturn Trueif _name_=='__main__' _name_=='__main__'app=MyApp()=MyApp()app.MainLoop().MainLoop()元件
- 元件容器（Containers）--用於容納其他元件:例子：wx.Panel等
- 動態元件（Dynamic Widgets）--可用於被使用者編輯：例子：wx.Button,wx.TextCtrl,wx.ListBox等
- 靜態元件（Static Widgets）--顯示資訊用，不能被使用者編輯，例：wx.StaticBitmap,wx.StaticText,wxStaticLine
- 其他元件 例：wx.ToolBar,wx.MenuBar,wx.StatusBar
import wxwx
class Frame1(wx.Frame): Frame1(wx.Frame): def __init_(self,superior):def __init_(self,superior): wx.Frame.__init__(self,parent=superior,title="Example",pos=(100,200),size(350,200))wx.Frame.__init__(self,parent=superior,title="Example",pos=(100,200),size(350,200)) panel=wx.Panel(self)panel=wx.Panel(self) text1=wx.TextCtrl(panel,value="Hello World!",size=(350,200))text1=wx.TextCtrl(panel,value="Hello World!",size=(350,200))if _name_=='__main__': _name_=='__main__': app=wx.App()app=wx.App() frame=Frame1(None)frame=Frame1(None) frame.Show(True)frame.Show(True) app.MainLoop()app.MainLoop()GUI工作的基本機制--事件處理
import wx wxclass Framel(wx.Frame): Framel(wx.Frame): def __init__(self,superior):def __init__(self,superior): .... ... self.panel.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_UP,self.OnClick)self.panel.Bind(wx.EVT_LEFT_UP,self.OnClick) def OnClick(self,event):def OnClick(self,event): posm=even.GetPosition()posm=even.GetPosition() wx.StaticText(parent=self.panel,label="Hello World!",pos=(posm.x,posm.y))wx.StaticText(parent=self.panel,label="Hello World!",pos=(posm.x,posm.y)) ....#create app and frame,show and execute event loop#create app and frame,show and execute event loopGUI常用元件
- 按鈕Button
- wx.Button:文字按鈕
- wx.BitmapButton:點陣圖按鈕
- wx.ToggleButton:開關按鈕
- 選單Menu
- wx.MenuBar
- wx.Menu
- wx.MeuItem
- wx.EVT_MENU
#繫結實踐處理 self.Bind(wx.EVT_MENU,selfOnClickBigger.biggerItem)self.Bind(wx.EVT_MENU,selfOnClickBigger.biggerItem) self.Bind(wx.EVT_MENU,selfOnClickQuit,id=wx.ID_EXIT)self.Bind(wx.EVT_MENU,selfOnClickQuit,id=wx.ID_EXIT)#事件處理器def OnClickBigger(self,e): OnClickBigger(self,e): passpassdef OnClickQuit(self,e): OnClickQuit(self,e): self.close()self.close()靜態文字（StaticText）和文字框(TextCtrl)
列表（ListCtrl）
- wx.LC_ICON（圖示）
- wx.LC_SMALL_ICON（小圖示）
- wx.LC_LIST（列表）
- WX.LC_REPORT(報告)
單選框RadioBox和複選框CheckBox（與下面sizer的例子相同）佈局管理
- sizer---一種佈局演算法並且允許巢狀，一般在容器之後，子容器之前進行建立
- wx.BoxSizer
- wx.FlexGridSizer
- wx.GridSizer
- wx.GridBagSizer
- wx.StaticBoxSizer
import wx wxclass Frame1(wx.Frame): Frame1(wx.Frame): def __init__(self,superior):def __init__(self,superior): wx.Frame.__init__(self, parent = superior, title = "Hello World in wxPython")wx.Frame.__init__(self, parent = superior, title = "Hello World in wxPython") panel = wx.Panel(self)panel = wx.Panel(self) sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL)sizer = wx.BoxSizer(wx.VERTICAL) self.text1= wx.TextCtrl(panel, value = "Hello, World!", size = (200,180), style = wx.TE_MULTILINE)self.text1= wx.TextCtrl(panel, value = "Hello, World!", size = (200,180), style = wx.TE_MULTILINE) sizer.Add(self.text1, 0, wx.ALIGN_TOP | wx.EXPAND)sizer.Add(self.text1, 0, wx.ALIGN_TOP | wx.EXPAND) button = wx.Button(panel, label = "Click Me")button = wx.Button(panel, label = "Click Me") sizer.Add(button)sizer.Add(button) panel.SetSizerAndFit(sizer)panel.SetSizerAndFit(sizer) panel.Layout()panel.Layout() self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON,self.OnClick,button)self.Bind(wx.EVT_BUTTON,self.OnClick,button) def OnClick(self, text):def OnClick(self, text): self.text1.AppendText("\nHello, World!")self.text1.AppendText("\nHello, World!")其他GUI庫
- pyQT--比較豐富且相容C++，注意用C++避免記憶體洩漏
import sys sysfrom PyQtS import QtWidgets: PyQtS import QtWidgets: class TestWidget(QtWidgets.QWidget):class TestWidget(QtWidgets.QWidget): def __init__(self):def __init__(self): super().__init__()super().__init__() self.setWindowTitle("HelloWorld")self.setWindowTitle("HelloWorld") self.outputArea=QtWidgets.QTextBrowser()self.outputArea=QtWidgets.QTextBrowser() self.helloButton=QtWidgets.QPushButton("Click Me")self.helloButton=QtWidgets.QPushButton("Click Me") self.layout=QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout()self.layout=QtWidgets.QVBoxLayout() self.layout.addWidget(self.outArea)self.layout.addWidget(self.outArea) self.layout.addWidget(self.helloButton)self.layout.addWidget(self.helloButton) self.setLayout(self.layout)self.setLayout(self.layout) self.Button.clicked.connect(self.sayHello)self.Button.clicked.connect(self.sayHello) def sayHello(self):def sayHello(self): self.outputArea.append("Hello World!")self.outputArea.append("Hello World!")if _name_=="__main__": _name_=="__main__": app=QTWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)app=QTWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv) testWidget=TestWidget()testWidget=TestWidget() testWidget.show()testWidget.show() sys.exit(app.exec_())sys.exit(app.exec_())Tkinter--簡單，效能不太好，速度比較慢
import tkinter as tk tkinter as tkclass Tkdemo(object): Tkdemo(object): def __init__(self):def __init__(self): self.root=tk.Tk()self.root=tk.Tk() self.txt=tk.Text(self.root,width=30,height=10)self.txt=tk.Text(self.root,width=30,height=10) self.txt.pack()self.txt.pack() self.button=tk.Button(self.root,text='Click me',command=self.sayhello)self.button=tk.Button(self.root,text='Click me',command=self.sayhello) self.button.pack()self.button.pack() def sayhello(self):def sayhello(self): self.txt.insert(tk.INSERT,"Hello, World!\n")self.txt.insert(tk.INSERT,"Hello, World!\n")d=Tkdemo()=Tkdemo()d.root.mainloop() .root.mainloop() PyGTK---在Windows上表現得不太好
import pygtk pygtkpygtk.require('2.0').require('2.0')import gtk gtkclass HelloWorld: HelloWorld: def hello(self, widget, data=None):def hello(self, widget, data=None): textbuffer = self.textview.get_buffer()textbuffer = self.textview.get_buffer() startiter, enditer = textbuffer.get_bounds()startiter, enditer = textbuffer.get_bounds() content_text = textbuffer.get_text(startiter, enditer)content_text = textbuffer.get_text(startiter, enditer) content_text += "Hello, World!\n"content_text += "Hello, World!\n" textbuffer.set_text(content_text)textbuffer.set_text(content_text) def __init__(self):def __init__(self): self.window = gtk.Window(gtk.WINDOW_TOPLEVEL)self.window = gtk.Window(gtk.WINDOW_TOPLEVEL) self.window.set_title("A Simple Example of PyGtk")self.window.set_title("A Simple Example of PyGtk") self.window.connect("delete_event", self.delete_event)self.window.connect("delete_event", self.delete_event) self.window.connect("destroy", self.destroy)self.window.connect("destroy", self.destroy) self.window.set_border_width(10)self.window.set_border_width(10) box1 = gtk.VBox(False, 0)box1 = gtk.VBox(False, 0) self.window.add(box1)self.window.add(box1) box1.show()box1.show() sw = gtk.ScrolledWindow()sw = gtk.ScrolledWindow() sw.set_policy(gtk.POLICY_AUTOMATIC,sw.set_policy(gtk.POLICY_AUTOMATIC, gtk.POLICY_AUTOMATIC)gtk.POLICY_AUTOMATIC) self.textview = gtk.TextView()self.textview = gtk.TextView() textbuffer = self.textview.get_buffer()textbuffer = self.textview.get_buffer() sw.add(self.textview)sw.add(self.textview) sw.show()sw.show() self.textview.show()self.textview.show() box1.pack_start(sw)box1.pack_start(sw) self.button = gtk.Button("Click Me")self.button = gtk.Button("Click Me") self.button.connect("clicked", self.hello, None)self.button.connect("clicked", self.hello, None) self.button.show()self.button.show() box1.pack_start(self.button, expand=False, fill=False)box1.pack_start(self.button, expand=False, fill=False) self.window.show()self.window.show() def main(self):def main(self): gtk.main()gtk.main()if __name__ == "__main__": __name__ == "__main__": hello = HelloWorld()hello = HelloWorld() hello.main()hello.main()