Linux軟體包的安裝與解除安裝安裝軟體包的三種方法rpm工具 red hat package manager，紅帽公司開發的包管理軟體yum工具 Yum（全稱為 Yellow dog Updater, Modified）是一個在Fedora和RedHat以及CentOS中的Shell前端軟體包管理器。基於RPM包管理，能夠從指定的伺服器自動下載RPM包並且安裝，可以自動處理依賴性關係。原始碼包安裝 需要通過編譯器把原始碼包編譯成可執行的檔案，可以看到作者的所有程式碼rpm包介紹rpm包格式，包名，版本號，釋出版本號，平臺例：popt-1.13-16.el7.x86_64.rpm包名 版本號 釋出版本 平臺postgresql-jdbc-9.2.1002-5.el7.noarch.rpm主版本號9，次版本號2，修正版本號1002，noarch表示不限制平臺rpm工具用法rpm -ivh rpm包檔案 安裝rpm -Uvh rpm包檔案 升級rpm -e 包名 解除安裝 不能跟rmp包檔名rpm -qa 查詢安裝的包rpm -q 包名 查詢指定的包是否安裝rpm -qi包名 查詢指定的包資訊rpm -ql包名 列出包安裝的檔案rpm -qf檔案絕對路徑 檢視指定檔案是由哪個包安裝的rpm -qf `which cd` 查詢cd命令的包是由哪個包安裝的例：[

[email protected] ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /mnt 掛載光碟至/mnt/目錄下mount: /dev/sr0 防寫，將以只讀方式掛載 /dev/sr0 已經掛載到 /mnt 上[[email protected] ~]# ls /mntCentOS_BuildTag EULA images LiveOS repodata RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-Testing-7EFI GPL isolinux Packages RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 TRANS.TBL[[email protected] ~]# cd /mnt/Packages/[[email protected] Packages]# ls |head 列出前10個檔案389-ds-base-1.3.6.1-16.el7.x86_64.rpm389-ds-base-libs-1.3.6.1-16.el7.x86_64.rpmabattis-cantarell-fonts-0.0.25-1.el7.noarch.rpmabrt-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpmabrt-addon-ccpp-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpmabrt-addon-kerneloops-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpmabrt-addon-pstoreoops-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpmabrt-addon-python-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpmabrt-addon-vmcore-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpmabrt-addon-xorg-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ivh abrt-addon-ccpp-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm 安裝此包準備中... ################################# [100%] 軟體包 abrt-addon-ccpp-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64 已經安裝[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -Uvh abrt-addon-ccpp-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm 升級此包準備中... ################################# [100%] 軟體包 abrt-addon-ccpp-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64 已經安裝[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -e abrt-addon-ccpp-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm 解除安裝此包錯誤：未安裝軟體包 abrt-addon-ccpp-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm 用包檔名會報錯[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -e abrt-addon-ccpp 解除安裝此包，用包名才正確錯誤：依賴檢測失敗： 因為有其他包依賴此此包，故解除安裝失敗，非必要，不可強制解除安裝，可能引起系統崩潰 abrt-addon-ccpp 被 (已安裝) abrt-desktop-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64 需要[[email protected]n Packages]# rpm -qa 查詢已安裝的包libmusicbrainz5-5.0.1-9.el7.x86_64grub2-2.02-0.64.el7.centos.x86_64lvm2-2.02.171-8.el7.x86_64bind-license-9.9.4-50.el7.noarchlibsemanage-python-2.5-8.el7.x86_64microcode_ctl-2.1-22.el7.x86_64libimobiledevice-1.2.0-1.el7.x86_64ncurses-libs-5.9-13.20130511.el7.x86_64libnice-0.1.3-4.el7.x86_64~ ~[[email protected] Packages]#[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -q libmusicbrainz5 查詢指定包是否已安裝libmusicbrainz5-5.0.1-9.el7.x86_64[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qi libmusicbrainz5 查詢指定包的詳細資訊Name : libmusicbrainz5Version : 5.0.1Release : 9.el7Architecture: x86_64Install Date: 2018年04月03日 星期二 02時42分15秒Group : System Environment/LibrariesSize : 607838License : LGPLv2Signature : RSA/SHA256, 2014年07月04日 星期五 11時00分51秒, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5Source RPM : libmusicbrainz5-5.0.1-9.el7.src.rpmBuild Date : 2014年06月10日 星期二 12時14分00秒Build Host : worker1.bsys.centos.orgRelocations : (not relocatable)Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>Vendor : CentOSURL : http://www.musicbrainz.org/Summary : Library for accessing MusicBrainz serversDescription :The MusicBrainz client library allows applications to make metadatalookup to a MusicBrainz server, generate signatures from WAV data andcreate CD Index Disk ids from audio CD roms.[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -ql libmusicbrainz5 查詢指定包安裝的檔案/usr/lib64/libmusicbrainz5.so.0/usr/lib64/libmusicbrainz5.so.0.0.1/usr/share/doc/libmusicbrainz5-5.0.1/usr/share/doc/libmusicbrainz5-5.0.1/AUTHORS.txt/usr/share/doc/libmusicbrainz5-5.0.1/COPYING.txt/usr/share/doc/libmusicbrainz5-5.0.1/NEWS.txt/usr/share/doc/libmusicbrainz5-5.0.1/README.md[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qf /usr/share/ddbus-1/ defaults/ dict/ dconf/ desktop-directories/ doc/ [[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qf /usr/share/doc/libmusicbrainz5-5.0.1/NEWS.txt 依據檔案查詢由哪個包安裝libmusicbrainz5-5.0.1-9.el7.x86_64[[email protected] Packages]# rpm -qf `which cd` 查詢cd命令的包是由哪個包安裝的，兩步合併操作bash-4.2.46-28.el7.x86_64[[email protected] Packages]# yum工具用法yum list 可安裝和可更新的RPM包ls /etc/yum.repos.d 檢視yum源的配置檔案yum search 包名 搜尋包yum install （-y）包名 安裝 (-y 自動應答yes,-q 靜默執行,-t 忽略錯誤,-R[分鐘] 設定等待時間)yum grouplist 列出可安裝的組yum groupinstall 包組名 安裝組包 如果是一個單詞，不用加單引號，有空格要加單引號yum remove （-y）包名 解除安裝包 {yum erase (-y)}yum updeta （-y）包名 升級，若不指定檔名,則升級全部已安裝包,包括升級系統yum upgrade 升級系統yum provides "/*/***" 搜尋特定檔案或命令對應的包名yum list |grep ‘***’ 過濾列出包名中包含***的包名yum info 包名 可安裝和可更新的RPM包 資訊yum deplist 包檔名 顯示軟體包依賴關係拓展部分： yum --skip-broken 忽略依賴問題　　yum --nogpgcheck 忽略GPG驗證check-update 檢查可更新的包　　yum clean all 清除全部　　yum clean packages 清除臨時包檔案（/var/cache/yum 下檔案）　　yum clean headers 清除rpm標頭檔案　　yum clean oldheaders 清除舊的rpm標頭檔案　　yum deplist 列出包的依賴　　yum list installed 已安裝的包　　yum list extras 已安裝且不在資源庫的包　　yum info installed 已安裝包的資訊(-qa 引數相似)　 yum localinstall 安裝本地的 RPM包　　yum reinstall[RPM包] 重新安裝包　　yum repolist 顯示資源庫的配置　　yum resolvedep 指定依賴例：[[email protected] Packages]# yum list | head -n 20 列出可安裝和可更新的包，列出前20個檔案已載入外掛：fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.163.com * extras: mirrors.163.com * updates: mirrors.cn99.com已安裝的軟體包GConf2.x86_64 3.2.6-8.el7 @base GeoIP.x86_64 1.5.0-11.el7 @anacondaModemManager-glib.x86_64 1.6.0-2.el7 @base NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.8.0-11.el7_4 @updates NetworkManager-glib.x86_64 1:1.8.0-11.el7_4 @updates NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.8.0-11.el7_4 @updates NetworkManager-libreswan.x86_64 1.2.4-2.el7 @base NetworkManager-libreswan-gnome.x86_64 1.2.4-2.el7 @base NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.8.0-11.el7_4 @updates NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.8.0-11.el7_4 @updates NetworkManager-wifi.x86_64 1:1.8.0-11.el7_4 @updates PackageKit.x86_64 1.1.5-1.el7.centos @base PackageKit-command-not-found.x86_64 1.1.5-1.el7.centos @base PackageKit-glib.x86_64 1.1.5-1.el7.centos @base 由於管道被破壞而退出忽略此錯誤[[email protected] Packages]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d 檢視yum源配置檔案，Base是倉庫配置檔案CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Vault.repoCentOS-CR.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Sources.repo[[email protected] Packages]# yum search GConf2-3.2.6-8.el7.x86_64.rpm 搜尋此包,不能用包檔名已載入外掛：fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.163.com * extras: mirrors.163.com * updates: mirrors.cn99.com警告：沒有匹配 GConf2-3.2.6-8.el7.x86_64.rpm 的軟體包No matches found[[email protected] Packages]# yum search GConf2 搜尋此包，用包名才正確已載入外掛：fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.cn99.com * extras: mirrors.163.com * updates: mirrors.cn99.com============================================ N/S matched: GConf2 =============================================GConf2.i686 : A process-transparent configuration systemGConf2.x86_64 : A process-transparent configuration systemGConf2-devel.i686 : Headers and libraries for GConf developmentGConf2-devel.x86_64 : Headers and libraries for GConf development 名稱和簡介匹配 only，使用“search all”試試。[[email protected] Packages]# yum install GConf2 安裝此包已載入外掛：fastestmirrorbase | 3.6 kB 00:00:00 extras | 3.4 kB 00:00:00 updates | 3.4 kB 00:00:00 updates/7/x86_64/primary_db | 6.9 MB 00:00:02 Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.cn99.com * extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn * updates: mirrors.cn99.com軟體包 GConf2-3.2.6-8.el7.x86_64 已安裝並且是最新版本無須任何處理[[email protected] Packages]# yum grouplist 列出可安裝的包組已載入外掛：fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.cn99.com * extras: mirrors.163.com * updates: mirrors.cn99.com可用的環境分組： 最小安裝 基礎設施伺服器 計算節點 檔案及列印伺服器 基本網頁伺服器 虛擬化主機 帶 GUI 的伺服器 GNOME 桌面 KDE Plasma Workspaces 開發及生成工作站可用組： 傳統 UNIX 相容性 相容性程式庫 圖形管理工具 安全性工具 開發工具 控制檯網際網路工具 智慧卡支援 科學記數法支援 系統管理 系統管理工具完成[[email protected] Packages]# LANG=en 切換系統語言至英語[[email protected] Packages]# yum grouplist 列出可安裝的包組Failed to set locale, defaulting to CLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.163.com * extras: mirrors.163.com * updates: mirrors.cn99.comAvailable Environment Groups: Minimal Install Compute Node Infrastructure Server File and Print Server Basic Web Server Virtualization Host Server with GUI GNOME Desktop KDE Plasma Workspaces Development and Creative WorkstationAvailable Groups: Compatibility Libraries Console Internet Tools Development Tools Graphical Administration Tools Legacy UNIX Compatibility Scientific Support Security Tools Smart Card Support System Administration Tools System ManagementDone[[email protected] Packages]# yum groupinstall Basic Web Server 安裝名為Basic Web Server的包組Failed to set locale, defaulting to CLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.cn99.com * extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn * updates: mirrors.cn99.comWarning: group Basic does not exist.Warning: group Web does not exist.Warning: group Server does not exist.Maybe run: yum groups mark install (see man yum)Error: No packages in any requested group available to install or update[[email protected] Packages]# yum groupinstall 'Basic Web Server' 包組名字中有空格,需給包組新增單引號Failed to set locale, defaulting to CLoaded plugins: fastestmirrorLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.163.com * extras: mirrors.163.com * updates: mirrors.cn99.comWarning: Group core does not have any packages to install.Resolving Dependencies--> Running transaction check---> Package abrt-cli.x86_64 0:2.1.11-48.el7.centos will be installed--> Processing Dependency: abrt-tui for package: abrt-cli-2.1.11-48.el7.centos.x86_64--->~~省略Transaction Summary==============================================================================================================Install 51 Packages (+20 Dependent packages)Upgrade ( 2 Dependent packages)Total download size: 25 MIs this ok [y/d/N]: N[[email protected] Packages]#[[email protected] Packages]# LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8 切換系統語言至中文簡體 [[email protected] Packages]# yum remove GConf2-3.2.6-8.el7.x86_64.rpm 刪除此包,不能用包檔名已載入外掛：fastestmirror引數 GConf2-3.2.6-8.el7.x86_64.rpm 沒有匹配不刪除任何軟體包[[email protected] Packages]# yum remove GConf2 刪除此包，用包名才對已載入外掛：fastestmirror正在解決依賴關係--> 正在檢查事務---> 軟體包 GConf2.x86_64.0.3.2.6-8.el7 將被 刪除--> 正在處理依賴關係 GConf2，它被軟體包 gstreamer-plugins-good-0.10.31-13.el7.x86_64 需要--> 正在處理依賴關係 GConf2，它被軟體包 gstreamer-plugins-good-0.10.31-13.el7.x86_64 需要--&