StatefulSet

StatefulSet是為了解決有狀態服務的問題（對應Deployments和ReplicaSets是為無狀態服務而設計），其應用場景包括

• 穩定的持久化儲存，即Pod重新排程後還是能訪問到相同的持久化資料，基於PVC來實現
• 穩定的網路標誌，即Pod重新排程後其PodName和HostName不變，基於Headless Service（即沒有Cluster IP的Service）來實現
• 有序部署，有序擴充套件，即Pod是有順序的，在部署或者擴充套件的時候要依據定義的順序依次依次進行（即從0到N-1，在下一個Pod執行之前所有之前的Pod必須都是Running和Ready狀態），基於init containers來實現
• 有序收縮，有序刪除（即從N-1到0）

從上面的應用場景可以發現，StatefulSet由以下幾個部分組成：

• 用於定義網路標誌（DNS domain）的Headless Service
• 用於建立PersistentVolumes的volumeClaimTemplates
• 定義具體應用的StatefulSet

StatefulSet中每個Pod的DNS格式為statefulSetName-{0..N-1}.serviceName.namespace.svc.cluster.local，其中

• serviceName為Headless Service的名字
• 0..N-1為Pod所在的序號，從0開始到N-1
• statefulSetName為StatefulSet的名字
• namespace為服務所在的namespace，Headless Servic和StatefulSet必須在相同的namespace
• .cluster.local為Cluster Domain，

簡單示例

以一個簡單的nginx服務web.yaml為例：

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx
  labels:
    app: nginx
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 80
    name: web
  clusterIP
 
: None
  selector:
    app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1beta1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: web
spec:
  serviceName: "nginx"
  replicas: 2
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: gcr.io/google_containers/nginx-slim:0.8
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
          name: web
        volumeMounts:
        - name: www
          mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
  volumeClaimTemplates:
  - metadata:
      name: www
      annotations:
        volume.alpha.kubernetes.io/storage-class: anything
    spec:
      accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 1Gi

$ kubectl create -f web.yaml
service "nginx" created
statefulset "web" created

# 檢視建立的headless service和statefulset
$ kubectl get service nginx
NAME      CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
nginx     None         <none>        80/TCP    1m
$ kubectl get statefulset web
NAME      DESIRED   CURRENT   AGE
web       2         2         2m

# 根據volumeClaimTemplates自動建立PVC（在GCE中會自動建立kubernetes.io/gce-pd型別的volume）
$ kubectl get pvc
NAME        STATUS    VOLUME                                     CAPACITY   ACCESSMODES   AGE
www-web-0   Bound     pvc-d064a004-d8d4-11e6-b521-42010a800002   1Gi        RWO           16s
www-web-1   Bound     pvc-d06a3946-d8d4-11e6-b521-42010a800002   1Gi        RWO           16s

# 檢視建立的Pod，他們都是有序的
$ kubectl get pods -l app=nginx
NAME      READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
web-0     1/1       Running   0          5m
web-1     1/1       Running   0          4m

# 使用nslookup檢視這些Pod的DNS
$ kubectl run -i --tty --image busybox dns-test --restart=Never --rm /bin/sh
/ # nslookup web-0.nginx
Server:    10.0.0.10
Address 1: 10.0.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      web-0.nginx
Address 1: 10.244.2.10
/ # nslookup web-1.nginx
Server:    10.0.0.10
Address 1: 10.0.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      web-1.nginx
Address 1: 10.244.3.12
/ # nslookup web-0.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
Server:    10.0.0.10
Address 1: 10.0.0.10 kube-dns.kube-system.svc.cluster.local

Name:      web-0.nginx.default.svc.cluster.local
Address 1: 10.244.2.10

還可以進行其他的操作

# 擴容
$ kubectl scale statefulset web --replicas=5

# 縮容
$ kubectl patch statefulset web -p '{"spec":{"replicas":3}}'

# 映象更新（目前還不支援直接更新image，需要patch來間接實現）
$ kubectl patch statefulset web --type='json' -p='[{"op": "replace", "path": "/spec/template/spec/containers/0/image", "value":"gcr.io/google_containers/nginx-slim:0.7"}]'

# 刪除StatefulSet和Headless Service
$ kubectl delete statefulset web
$ kubectl delete service nginx

# StatefulSet刪除後PVC還會保留著，資料不再使用的話也需要刪除
$ kubectl delete pvc www-web-0 www-web-1

zookeeper

另外一個更能說明StatefulSet強大功能的示例為zookeeper.yaml。

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: zk-headless
  labels:
    app: zk-headless
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 2888
    name: server
  - port: 3888
    name: leader-election
  clusterIP: None
  selector:
    app: zk
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: zk-config
data:
  ensemble: "zk-0;zk-1;zk-2"
  jvm.heap: "2G"
  tick: "2000"
  init: "10"
  sync: "5"
  client.cnxns: "60"
  snap.retain: "3"
  purge.interval: "1"
---
apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodDisruptionBudget
metadata:
  name: zk-budget
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: zk
  minAvailable: 2
---
apiVersion: apps/v1beta1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: zk
spec:
  serviceName: zk-headless
  replicas: 3
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: zk
      annotations:
        pod.alpha.kubernetes.io/initialized: "true"
        scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/affinity: >
            {
              "podAntiAffinity": {
                "requiredDuringSchedulingRequiredDuringExecution": [{
                  "labelSelector": {
                    "matchExpressions": [{
                      "key": "app",
                      "operator": "In",
                      "values": ["zk-headless"]
                    }]
                  },
                  "topologyKey": "kubernetes.io/hostname"
                }]
              }
            }
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: k8szk
        imagePullPolicy: Always
        image: gcr.io/google_samples/k8szk:v1
        resources:
          requests:
            memory: "4Gi"
            cpu: "1"
        ports:
        - containerPort: 2181
          name: client
        - containerPort: 2888
          name: server
        - containerPort: 3888
          name: leader-election
        env:
        - name : ZK_ENSEMBLE
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
              name: zk-config
              key: ensemble
        - name : ZK_HEAP_SIZE
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: jvm.heap
        - name : ZK_TICK_TIME
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: tick
        - name : ZK_INIT_LIMIT
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: init
        - name : ZK_SYNC_LIMIT
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: tick
        - name : ZK_MAX_CLIENT_CNXNS
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: client.cnxns
        - name: ZK_SNAP_RETAIN_COUNT
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: snap.retain
        - name: ZK_PURGE_INTERVAL
          valueFrom:
            configMapKeyRef:
                name: zk-config
                key: purge.interval
        - name: ZK_CLIENT_PORT
          value: "2181"
        - name: ZK_SERVER_PORT
          value: "2888"
        - name: ZK_ELECTION_PORT
          value: "3888"
        command:
        - sh
        - -c
        - zkGenConfig.sh && zkServer.sh start-foreground
        readinessProbe:
          exec:
            command:
            - "zkOk.sh"
          initialDelaySeconds: 15
          timeoutSeconds: 5
        livenessProbe:
          exec:
            command:
            - "zkOk.sh"
          initialDelaySeconds: 15
          timeoutSeconds: 5
        volumeMounts:
        - name: datadir
          mountPath: /var/lib/zookeeper
      securityContext:
        runAsUser: 1000
        fsGroup: 1000
  volumeClaimTemplates:
  - metadata:
      name: datadir
      annotations:
        volume.alpha.kubernetes.io/storage-class: anything
    spec:
      accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
      resources:
        requests:
          storage: 20Gi

kubectl create -f zookeeper.yaml

StatefulSet注意事項

1. 還在beta狀態，需要kubernetes v1.5版本以上才支援
2. 所有Pod的Volume必須使用PersistentVolume或者是管理員事先建立好
3. 為了保證資料安全，刪除StatefulSet時不會刪除Volume
4. StatefulSet需要一個Headless Service來定義DNS domain，需要在StatefulSet之前建立好
5. 目前StatefulSet還沒有feature complete，比如更新操作還需要手動patch。

原文：https://github.com/rootsongjc/kubernetes-handbook/blob/master/architecture/statefulset.md