1. 程式人生 > >資料爬蟲(三):python中requests庫使用方法詳解

資料爬蟲(三):python中requests庫使用方法詳解

一、什麼是Requests

Requests 是⽤Python語⾔編寫,基於urllib,採⽤Apache2 Licensed開源協議的 HTTP 庫。它⽐ urllib 更加⽅便,可以節約我們⼤量的⼯作,完全滿⾜HTTP測試需求。

⼀句話——Python實現的簡單易⽤的HTTP

二、安裝Requests庫

進入命令列win+R執行

命令:pip install requests

專案匯入:import requests

三、各種請求方式

直接上程式碼,不明白可以檢視我的urllib的基本使用方法

import requests
requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put')
requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete')
requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get')
requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')

這麼多請求方式,都有什麼含義,所以問下度娘:

  1. GET: 請求指定的頁面資訊,並返回實體主體。
  2. HEAD: 只請求頁面的首部。
  3. POST: 請求伺服器接受所指定的文件作為對所標識的URI的新的從屬實體。
  4. PUT: 從客戶端向伺服器傳送的資料取代指定的文件的內容。
  5. DELETE: 請求伺服器刪除指定的頁面。
  6. get 和 post比較常見 GET請求將提交的資料放置在HTTP請求協議頭中
  7. POST提交的資料則放在實體資料中

(1)、基本的GET請求

import requests

response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.text)

返回值:

{
  "args": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
  }, 
  "origin": "183.64.61.29", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get"
}

(2)、帶引數的GET請求

將name和age傳進去

import requests
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22")
print(response.text)
{
  "args": {
    "age": "22", 
    "name": "germey"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
  }, 
  "origin": "183.64.61.29", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22"
}

或者使用params的方法:

import requests

data = {
 'name': 'germey',
 'age': 22
}
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data)
print(response.text)

返回值一樣

(3)、解析json

將返回值已json的形式展示:

import requests
import json

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
print(type(response.text))
print(response.json())
print(json.loads(response.text))
print(type(response.json()))

返回值:

<class 'str'>
{'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '183.64.61.29', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
{'args': {}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.18.4'}, 'origin': '183.64.61.29', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/get'}
<class 'dict'>

(4)、獲取二進位制資料

記住返回值.content就ok了

import requests

response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")
print(type(response.text), type(response.content))
print(response.text)
print(response.content)

返回值為二進位制不必再進行展示,

(5)、新增headers

有些網站訪問時必須帶有瀏覽器等資訊,如果不傳入headers就會報錯,如下

import requests

response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore")
print(response.text)

返回值:

<html><body><h1>500 Server Error</h1>
An internal server error occured.
</body></html>

當傳入headers時:

import requests

headers = {
 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_11_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/52.0.2743.116 Safari/537.36'
}
response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore", headers=headers)
print(response.text)

成功返回網頁原始碼不做展示

(6)、基本POST請求

不明白見我博文urllib的使用方法

import requests

data = {'name': 'germey', 'age': '22'}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=data)
print(response.text)

返回:

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {
    "age": "22", 
    "name": "germey"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "18", 
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "183.64.61.29", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

三、響應

response屬性

import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
print(type(response.headers), response.headers)
print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)
print(type(response.url), response.url)
print(type(response.history), response.history)

return:

<class 'int'> 200
<class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'> {'Date': 'Thu, 01 Feb 2018 20:47:08 GMT', 'Server': 'Tengine', 'Content-Type': 'text/html; charset=utf-8', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'X-Frame-Options': 'DENY', 'X-XSS-Protection': '1; mode=block', 'X-Content-Type-Options': 'nosniff', 'ETag': 'W/"9f70e869e7cce214b6e9d90f4ceaa53d"', 'Cache-Control': 'max-age=0, private, must-revalidate', 'Set-Cookie': 'locale=zh-CN; path=/', 'X-Request-Id': '366f4cba-8414-4841-bfe2-792aeb8cf302', 'X-Runtime': '0.008350', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'X-Via': '1.1 gjf22:8 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0), 1.1 PSzqstdx2ps251:10 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0)', 'Connection': 'keep-alive'}
<class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'> <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie locale=zh-CN for www.jianshu.com/>]>
<class 'str'> https://www.jianshu.com/
<class 'list'> [<Response [301]>]

狀態碼判斷:常見的網頁狀態碼:

100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),

# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
 'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),

# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),

四、高階操作

(1)、檔案上傳

使用 Requests 模組,上傳檔案也是如此簡單的,檔案的型別會自動進行處理:

例項:

import requests

files = {'file': open('cookie.txt', 'rb')}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
print(response.text)

這是通過測試網站做的一個測試,返回值如下:

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {
    "file": "#LWP-Cookies-2.0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BAIDUID=\"D2B4E137DE67E271D87F03A8A15DC459:FG=1\"; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=\"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z\"; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BIDUPSID=D2B4E137DE67E271D87F03A8A15DC459; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=\"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z\"; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: H_PS_PSSID=25641_1465_21087_17001_22159; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; discard; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: PSTM=1516953672; path=\"/\"; domain=\".baidu.com\"; path_spec; domain_dot; expires=\"2086-02-13 11:15:12Z\"; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BDSVRTM=0; path=\"/\"; domain=\"www.baidu.com\"; path_spec; discard; version=0\r\nSet-Cookie3: BD_HOME=0; path=\"/\"; domain=\"www.baidu.com\"; path_spec; discard; version=0\r\n"
  }, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "909", 
    "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=84835f570cfa44da8f4a062b097cad49", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "183.64.61.29", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

(2)、獲取cookie

當需要cookie時,直接呼叫response.cookie:(response為請求後的返回值)

import requests

response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(response.cookies)
for key, value in response.cookies.items():
 print(key + '=' + value)

輸出結果:

<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
BDORZ=27315

(3)、會話維持、模擬登陸

如果某個響應中包含一些Cookie,你可以快速訪問它們:

import requests
 
r = requests.get('http://www.google.com.hk/')
print(r.cookies['NID'])
print(tuple(r.cookies))

要想傳送你的cookies到伺服器,可以使用 cookies 引數:

import requests
 
url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
cookies = {'testCookies_1': 'Hello_Python3', 'testCookies_2': 'Hello_Requests'}
# 在Cookie Version 0中規定空格、方括號、圓括號、等於號、逗號、雙引號、斜槓、問號、@,冒號,分號等特殊符號都不能作為Cookie的內容。
r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)
print(r.json())

(4)、證書驗證

因為12306有一個錯誤證書,我們那它的網站做測試會出現下面的情況,證書不是官方證書,瀏覽器會識別出一個錯誤

import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
print(response.status_code)

返回值:

怎麼正常進入這樣的網站了,程式碼如下:

import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

將verify設定位False即可,返回的狀態碼為200

urllib3.disable_warnings()這條命令主要用於消除警告資訊

(5)、代理設定

在進行爬蟲爬取時,有時候爬蟲會被伺服器給遮蔽掉,這時採用的方法主要有降低訪問時間,通過代理ip訪問,如下:

import requests

proxies = {
 "http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743",
 "https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743",
}

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

ip可以從網上抓取,或者某寶購買

如果代理需要設定賬戶名和密碼,只需要將字典更改為如下:
proxies = {
"http":"http://user:[email protected]:9999"
}
如果你的代理是通過sokces這種方式則需要pip install "requests[socks]"
proxies= {
"http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9999",
"https":"sockes5://127.0.0.1:8888"
}

(6)、超時設定

訪問有些網站時可能會超時,這時設定好timeout就可以解決這個問題

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
 response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
 print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
 print('Timeout')

正常訪問,狀態嗎返回200

(7)、認證設定

如果碰到需要認證的網站可以通過requests.auth模組實現

import requests

from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123"))
print(response.status_code)

當然這裡還有一種方式

import requests

response = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=("user","123"))
print(response.status_code)

(8)、異常處理

遇到網路問題(如:DNS查詢失敗、拒絕連線等)時,Requests會丟擲一個ConnectionError 異常。

遇到罕見的無效HTTP響應時,Requests則會丟擲一個 HTTPError 異常。

若請求超時,則丟擲一個 Timeout 異常。

若請求超過了設定的最大重定向次數,則會丟擲一個 TooManyRedirects 異常。

所有Requests顯式丟擲的異常都繼承自 requests.exceptions.RequestException 。