as（四級考試頻度很大的幾個用法）
阿新 • • 發佈：2019-01-20
1.引導讓步狀語從句（通常可以用though替換），使用下面句型：1）"形容詞／副詞十as＋主語十謂語：Young as I am，I know some of the family secrets．儘管我還很小，但我瞭解一些家庭祕密。Much as like her，I will not marry her．雖然我很喜歡她，但我並不想與她結婚。Some members of the staff couldn't handle the case，hard as they tried．一些職員不管怎麼想辦法也解決不了這個問題。2）"原形動詞十as十主語十may／might／will／would"：Try as he would，he could not lift the rock．不管他用多大勁也舉不起那塊石頭。There was not a soul to be found in the house，search as they would．不管他們怎麼尋找，房子裡也找不到一個人。
2.作關係代詞，使用下面句型：1）"such…as"（as在此接近於who/that/which）：Such women as Tom knew thought he was charming.湯姆認識的那些婦女都認為他長得很迷人。I never heard such stories as he tells.我從未聽說過他講的那些故事。He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others．只要對別人有幫助，他從不猶豫提出這類批評。It wasn't such a good dinner she had promised us． a．that b．which c．as d．what（答案c．CET－4'90／1．譯文：它並不是像她承諾我們的那樣一頓美餐。）2）用在"the same…as"句型中：He doesn't believe the same things as you do．他不相信你相信的那些東西。（注：as的這一用法在OALD詞典中被當作連詞，但在張道真教授編的《現代英語用法詞典》（重排本）P70中被當作關係代詞，似乎後者更合理、更好理解些。）
3．用在"as＋be動詞十表語"從句中，表不"正如"：He is absent，as is often the case．他正如通常那樣又缺席了。Freddie，as might be expected，was attending the conference．正如可能預料的那樣，弗雷迪當時正在出席會議。As was expected，he performed the task with success．正如預料的那樣，他成功地完成了任務。 ______ is known to the world，Mark Twain is a great American writer. a．That b．Which c．As d．It（答案 c．CET－4'93／6．譯文：正如世人所知，馬克?吐溫是一位偉大的美國作家。 _____ is generally accepted，economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production．a．What b．That c．It d．As（答案d．考研'95．譯文：正如所公認的那樣，經濟增長是由生產的平 穩發展所決定的。）（注：as在這一句型中是連詞還是關係代詞也存在著爭議，它在結構上更接近關係代詞，但as與that／which不同，that／which引導的關係從句只能放在先行詞後面，而as引導的從句不但可以放在主句的後面，還可以放在主句的前面。）
4．as用於省略句，為避免重複，as代替表語或賓語部分：David is tall，as are my brothers．像我的幾個弟兄們一樣，戴維也是個高個兒。（as are my brothers用的是倒裝語序，正常語序應是 as my brothers are。）The Second World War，as did the earlier one of 1914，prompted public concern about a physical and Intellectual well－being of the country's human resources．第二次世界大戰，正如早些時候1914年的那次一樣，立即引起了公眾對這個國家人力資源的身心健康的關注。
5．as用於省略句，引起分詞短語作狀語：As expected，the afforestation movement rapidly spread．正如預料的那樣，植樹造林運動迅速擴充套件開來。It usually happens as described above．它的發生通常如上面所描寫的那樣。He had failed to visit her as promised．他沒有像他允諾的那樣去看望她。His first novel"Night" was an account of the Nazi crimes ____ through the eyes of a teenaged boy．a．as seen b．which saw c．but was seen d．and were seen（答案a．選自六級樣題．譯文：他的第一部小說《夜》通過一個十幾歲的男孩的眼睛描述了納粹的罪行。）
6．用於as much…as；not so much… as"或"not so／as十形容詞十as"句式中：He said the situation there was not so bad as had been painted．他說，那裡的局勢並不像所描繪的那樣糟。The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach the art of learning．學校教育的偉大作用與其說是教給你東西，還不如說是教給你如何學習的技能。He is not so much a writer as a reporter．與其說他是位作家，還不如說他是個記者。They were expected to be models of virtue，honoured as much for their character as for their learning．人們期望他們成為美德的典範，不但因為他們的學識，而且因為他們的品德而受到敬重。
7．用於 as if/as though引導的省略句中：He paused as if expecting Lenny to speak．（as if後面跟現在分詞）他停了一下，好象是在等待拉尼講話一樣。The boy turned， as if awakened from some dream。（後面跟過去分詞）那男孩翻了翻身，好像從夢中醒來一樣。He opened his mouth as if to speak something．（後面跟不定式）他張張口，好像要說些什麼。He glanced as if in search of something．（後面跟介詞短語）他瞟了一眼，好像在尋找什麼東西一樣。
8．用在"just as…，so…"結構中：Just as the soil is a part of the earth，＿_ the atmosphere． a．as it is b．the same is c．so is d．and so is（答案 c．考研'95．譯文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一樣，大氣層也是地球的一部分。）（so is the atmosphere是倒裝句。在"just as…，so…"句式中，so引導的主句常用倒裝語序，尤其在主語特別長時更是如此，so代替被省略了的表語部分。）Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks， ______ the experienced writer is skilled in the handling of his words．a．so b．as c．thus d．like（答案 a．CET．6'93／6．譯文：正如建築工人砌磚鬱閒熟的技藝一樣，有經驗的作家在用詞做文章上也有高超的技藝。）
before
before一特別要注意before在下面幾個例句中的用法，在這些例句中，before相當於and then，漢語常譯為"然後；才"：I must finish my work before go home．我必須先把工作做完再回家。He had to be called two or three times before he would come to his dinner．往往要叫他兩三遍，他才肯過來吃飯。The farmer decided to drive the cows away before they made more damage to the crops．那個農夫決定把那些牛趕走，以免對莊稼造成更大的損害。It was several years before we met again．又過了好幾年我們才又見了面。A man escaped from the prison last night．It was a long time the guards discovered what had happened． a．before b．until c．since d．when（答案 a．CET．4'93／6．譯文：昨晚一個犯人從監獄逃跑了，過了好久警衛才發現發生了什麼事。）Scientists say it may be five or ten years _____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since b. before c. after d. when (答案 b．CET．4'95／6．譯文：科學家們說，可能還需要 5到 10年才能將這種藥在病人身上作實驗。（注：before的這一用法經常考試）
busy
busy -busy作表語時僅面可跟如下結構：busy with／at／over/-ing"忙於……"：Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy for her examination． a．to prepare b．to be prepared c．preparing d．being prepared（答案 c．CET－4'93／6． 譯文：瓊昨天晚上沒有時間去聽音樂會，因為她在忙於準備考試。）We were busy （get）things ready for the trial production when he phoned us．（考研'80．答案：將get變為getting．譯文：我們正為試生產而忙著做準備時，他打來了電話．）
but for
but for ----用於虛擬語氣中，表示"若非"，相當於if not，後面跟名詞；還可用 but that引導一個從句，陳述具體事實：_____ bed its destination on time. a．In case of b．In spite of c．Because of d．But for（答案 d．CET－6'90／1．譯文：若不是由於洪水，輪船就可以按時抵達目的地了）。He might have been killed __＿_ the arrival of the police．a．except for b．but for c．with d．for（答案 b．CET－6'95／6．譯文： 若不是警察趕到，他可能就被殺害了。） ______ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. a. In spite of b. But for c. Because of d. As for（答案 b．考研'91．譯文：要不是有英語考試，我上個星期天就去聽音樂會了。）
but that
but that ---- 用在虛擬語氣中，but that從句謂語用陳述語氣，陳述具體事實，表示"倘沒有，若不是"： He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.他本來會幫助我們的， 但當時他沒有錢。 but that 還用在"（It is） not that…but that…"句式中,表示"不是因為…而是因為…"：Not that John doesn't want to help you, but that it's beyond his power.不是約翰不想幫助你，而是因為他無能為力。
can／could
can／could ---- 1．"can't…too""怎麼也不為過'：You can't be _____ careful in making the decision as it is such a critical case．a．quite b．very c．too d．so（答案 c．選自六級樣題．譯文：做這一決定時再細心也不為過，因為這是一件至關重要的事情。）
2．"can't/couldn't+比較級"表示"不可能再"，實際上等於"……最"：The earthquake could not have come at a worse time for the war－torn country．對於那個飽受戰爭之苦的國家來說， 地震發生的時間再糟糕不過了。
3．"can't/couldn't+完成式"用於推斷過去"不可能發生了某事"：Mary、my letter， otherwise she would have replied before now．a．has received b. ought to have received c. couldn't have received d. shouldn't have received（答案 C．考研'91．譯文：瑪麗不可能收到了我的信，不然她一定會回信的。）Comrade Li _____ be in Beijing because saw him in town only a few minutes ago．a．mustn't b．can't c．may not d．isn't able to（答案b．考研'80．譯文：李同志不可能在北京，因為僅在幾分鐘前我還在城裡見到了他。）
cannot help-ing
cannot help-ing ----"禁不住，忍不住；避免不了"：I couldn't help overhearing what he said.我禁不住偷聽了他說的話。We couldn't help their seeing us．我們避免不了他們看見我們。
cannot help but do
cannot help but do -----"不由得，不能不"（與 cannot help-ing基本同義）：You can't help but respect them．你不由的要尊敬他們。（注：在這個句式中，還可以把help省略掉，意思不變，如上面的句子也可改變為：You cannot but respect them．）
cannot choose but do
cannot choose but do ----注意ht後面習慣上跟不帶 to的不定式，表示"沒有別的辦法，只好"； He cannot choose but obey．他沒有別的辦法，只好服從。
choice
choice ----注意choice在下面句型中的用法：1．"have no choice but to do"或"There's no choice for sb but to do""沒有別的辦法，只好"（注意 but後面的不定式必須帶 to）：We had no choice but to do what we were asked．我們不得不做要求我們做的工作。2．"have no other choice than to do""沒有別的選擇，只好"：The beaten enemy had no other choice than．a．surrender b．surrendering c．to surrender d．to be surrendered（答案c．譯文：被打敗的敵人沒有別的選擇只好投降。）
do more than do
do more than do ----注意 than後面習慣上跟不帶to的不定式，表示"不僅僅，不單單，不只是"：In the course of a day students do far more than Just classes．a．attend b． attended c.to attend d．attending（答案 a．CET－4'93／6．譯文：在一天之內，學生不只是上課（還要做許多別的事情）。Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the use in student cheating．除了談論學生作弊的上升以外，全國各地的大學已決定採取一切措施。（摘自《大學英語》第二冊第8課 Honesty：Is It Going Out of Style？）
do nothing but（do）
do nothing but（do） ----"僅僅（做），只（做），除……外什麼都不（做）"：Lots of empty bottles were found under the old man's bed．He must have done nothing but _____ （drink）．（答案：but後用原形動詞 drink。考研'89）（注意下面的句式）So there was nothing for them to do ______ their places at the end of It．a．except take b．but take c．besides take d． but to take（答案 d．譯文：他們只好在盡頭自己的座位上坐下。）（注意這裡的 but後面用不定式to take與前面的for them to do是並列的，處在相同的位置上，作nothing的定語： nothing to do but to take...)
do nothing else than (do)
do nothing else than (do) ---- 注意：do nothing後面用了else後就要用than而不再用but, 但than後面同樣用不帶to的不定式：He sat there, doing nothing else ______. a. but to laugh b. than laughing c. than laugh d. but laughed （答案c. 譯文：他坐在那裡一個勁地笑。）但注意下面這個句子：He had nothing else to do except to return/than to return to his hot room..他沒有別的辦法，只好回到自己酷熱的房間。（這個句子中的不定式 to do和to return做 nothing else的定語．）
either…or
either…or ----"或是……或是……；不是……就是…"。由選擇連詞either…or引導的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的人稱和數要與or後面的名詞保持一致。either…or還可以引導並列名詞或介詞短語作賓語，引導並列謂語或表語，引導並列狀語或定語，引導並列分句。該結構的關鍵是由它們引導的兩個部分必須並列處於同一層次上：Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow．要麼蒂姆，要麼他的兄弟們，必須剷雪。The local hunters either shoot or trap them．當地的獵人或者槍殺它們，或者設陷捕捉它們。Either you must improve your work or shall dismiss you．要麼改進你的工作，否則我就解僱你。I was advised _____ for reservations． a．to either telephone or to write the hotel． b. either to telephone or to write the hotel c. that I should telephone or to write the hotel d. I ought either to telephone or write the hotel（答案 b．考研 '85．譯文：他們建議我要麼給旅館打電話，要麼給旅館寫封信預訂房間。）
find
find ----- find後面可以跟帶現在分詞、過去分詞、形容詞或不定式 to be的複合結構作賓語；如果是不定式本身作賓語，要把不定式後移，用形式賓語 it填補其位置：He was found dying／dead／injured．人們發現他快死了／已經死了／受了傷。We found（him to be／that he was）the right man for the job．我們發現他是做這項工作的合適人選。I found to answer all the questions within the time given． a. no possibility b．there was impossibility c. impossible d. it impossible（答案d．考研'80．譯文：我發現在限定的時間內回答所有那些問題是不可能的。）（find上面的用法考試頻度也很大）
for
for ---- 1．"for all""儘管"：all our kindness to help her，Sara refused to listen to us． a. At b. For c. In d. On（答案b．考研'92．譯文：儘管我們好心要幫助她，但薩拉不肯聽我們的。）There may be mistakes occasionally，but for all that，it is the best book on the subject．書中也許偶而有些錯誤，但儘管如此它仍不失為論述這個問題的最好的書。
2．"but for"／"if it weren't for""若不是，若沒有"（用在虛擬語氣中）：But for your help we should not have finished in time．若沒有你的幫助，我們就不能按時完成。Had it not been for your laziness，you could have finished the assignment by now．要不是你懶，你現在可能會完成任務了。（注：在這個句式中，按正常語序謂語可以用縮合形式計 it weren't for或 if it hadn't been for，但若使用倒裝語序時，不能將縮合的 weren't／hadn't放在句首，如不能說 Weren't it for／Hadn't it been for，而必須說 Were it not for／had it not been for．）
3．for作連詞，表示"因為，由於"，多用於書面語中，引導的從句不能放在主句前面，它引導的 原因只是對主句所說的情況作出解釋：Someone must have left the tap on，the water is running over and flooding the bathroom．a．therefore b．for c．nevertheless d． moreover（答案b．考研'84．譯文：一定是誰忘記了關水龍頭，瞧，水溢了出來，洗澡間到處是水。）
4．for用在帶邏輯主語的不定式的結構中一for there to be／for it to be：It would be surprising for any objections to the proposal. a．not to be b．it not to be c．there to be not d．there not to be（答案 d．譯文：對這項建議若沒有任何反對, 那反倒是奇怪的。）For there ______ successful communication，here must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present．a．is b．to be c．will be d. being（答案 b．考研'96．譯文：為了進行成功的思想交流，所有出席的人都必須聚精會神地參加討論。）（注：在there be句型中，雖然真正的主語是後面的名詞，但在語法結構上習慣上把there看作結構主語，所以用介詞 for引導帶邏輯主語的不定式時要把there看作邏輯主語，因此把there is變為帶邏輯主語的不定式時應說 for there to be，這和把 I do sth變為不定式時應說 for me to do sth的道理是一樣的。在這個句式中還要注意如何把 It is time變為由 for引導的不定式。如果要說"現在該吃藥了"，用英語應說 It is time to take medicine。但如果要說"他在等到該吃藥的時間再吃藥"，就應說 He is waiting for it to be time to take medicine。）
given（that）
given（that）一"在有……的情況下；如果有……；假定……；考慮到……"：Given good health，I hope to finish the work this year．如果健康狀況良好，我希望今年完成這項工作。I'd come and see you in Austria，given the chance．如果有機會，我就到奧地利來看你。Given their inexperience／that they are inexperienced，they've done a good job．考慮到他們缺乏經驗，他們的工作還是做得不錯的。（given的這一用法考試頻度也很大）
good/point/sense/use
good/point/sense/use ----注意這幾個名詞在下面句型中的用法："It is no good -ing"表示"……沒有用處"：It's no good my arguing with you．和你爭論沒有用。There is no good in -ing； What's the good of-ing？
have
have十複合結構 ---- have sb do sth；have sb／sth－lug；have sth done（have的這種用法考試頻度也很大）：They'11 have you if you don't pay your taxes．a．to be arrested b． arrest c．arrested d．being arrested（答案 c．CET－6'91／6．譯文：如果你不納稅，他們將要逮捕你。）I didn't understand what the teacher said，and had him explain it again to me．我不懂老師說的意思，我又讓他給我解釋了一遍。
in that…
in that… ----此為複合連詞，相當於 because引導的原因狀語從句，考試頻度極大，在四六級和考研試題中幾乎每年都有一題，如 1995年三個試題中均考了該題：Liquids are like solids _____ they have a definite volume．a．with that b．for that c．in that d．at that（答案。 CET－4'95／6．譯文：液體與固體一樣，它們也有確定的體積。）Britain's press is unusual _____ it is divided into two very different types of newspaper：the quality press and the popular press． a．in how b．in what c．in which d．in that（答案 d．CET－6'95／6．譯文：英國報紙很不尋常，因為它分為截然不同的兩大類：嚴肅報紙和通俗報紙。）Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ______ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.a．so that b．but that c．in that d．provided that（答案c．考研'95．譯文：氫是宇宙間最基本的元素，因為它提供生成其它元素的建築模組。）
the instant/the moment
the instant/the moment+從句 ---相當於as soon as "一……（就）"：She must have dashed out the instant I grabbed the phone.她必定是在我一把抓起電話時就奔了出去。You must behave like a guest the instant you set foot on a foreign soil．你一踏上外國國土就得像個客人的樣子。
just as…，so…
just as…，so… ----"正如……一樣，……也……"：Just as you hate Mr Green, so I dislike his wife.就像你憎恨格林先生一樣．我也不喜歡他的妻子。Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks, ______ the experienced writer is skilled in the handing of his words. a. so b. as c. thus d. like（答案 a．CET．6'93／6．譯文：正如建築工人砌磚技術擁熟一樣，有經驗的作家在用詞作文章上也有高超的技藝。）Just as the soil is part of the earth， the atmosphere．a．as it is b．the same is c．so is d．and so is（答案 c．考研'95．譯文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一樣，大氣層也是地球的一部分。）
know better than（to do）
know better than（to do） ----be wise or experienced enough not to do sth很懂得……不會……／不該（做某事）（根據張道真教授的（現代英語用法詞典）的解釋，than後面的不定式多帶to，但有時可以省略）：You ought to know better than to stay away from school.你應懂得不該逃學．He knew better than to mention the subject to her．他很明智而沒有向她提起這件事。Tom _____ better than to ask Dick for help．a．shall know b．shouldn't know c．has known d．should have known（答案 d．CET－6'91／6．譯文：湯姆應懂得不該向迪克請求幫助。）
less
less ----用在下面成語中：even／much／still less"更不用說，更別提"（用在否定的陳述句之後）：The baby can't even walk，much less run．那嬰兒連走路都不會，更別說跑了。I can't run a hundred yards，even less a mile．我連一百碼都跑不了，更別說跑一英里了。He knows little of mathematics，and of chemistry． a．even more b．still less c．no less d．still more（答案b．考研'91．譯文：他對數學幾乎一竊不通，更別提化學了。）
30、lest ----"唯恐，免得"（從句謂語多用 should，有時可用動詞原形）：They spoke in whispers lest they should be heard．他們低聲交談，生怕別人聽見了。The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it should go wrong on the way．司機認真地檢查了一遍發動機，免得半路上出毛病。
let alone
let alone ----"更別提"（多用於否定句之後，與 even／much／still less的用法基本相同）：I had never seen him, let alone spoken to him.我從未見過他，更談不上同他談話了。The baby can't even walk, let alone run.那嬰兒連走路都不會，更談不上跑了。（注：let alone後面可以跟名詞、動詞不定式或分詞，這取決於它所要強調的部分與前一句中所要對比的那一部分的語法結構，它們必須處於同一語法結構層次。）
most
most ----most可以直接修飾可數名詞複數，名詞前不用冠詞修飾，表示泛指，如 most students"大多數學生"；如果要特指某些學生中的大多數，就要用most of結構，並且名詞前面一般要用定冠詞修飾，如most of the students in my class；注意這樣用時，most前面沒有冠詞，不說 the most of the students。另外，most不能直接與代詞或由物主代詞修飾的名詞連用，不能說most they／most their students或 their most students；而必須用，most of結構，像 most of them，most of her arguments。
some/any
some/any ----與 most的用法類似，可以說 some advice／students；some of the students；some of them；some of his arguments；但不說 some they，some his arguments或some the students。any也適用於這種情況。
all／each
all／each ----與 most／some／any的用法有些區別：all可以直接修飾帶或不帶定冠詞的可數或不可數名詞以及由物主代詞修飾的名詞，如 all（the） work； all（the）students； all my heart；但不能直接放在代詞前面，如不能說 all they，all it；但可以用 all of結構限定代詞，如 all ofthem; all雖不能放在代詞前面修飾代詞，但可以放在代詞後面作代詞的同位語，如We all did it; He helped us all;（但謂語是 be動詞時，all要放在 be後面，如 We are all pleased。）each可以直接修飾不帶冠詞的可數名詞單數，如 each student；但不能直接修飾代詞、由物主代詞或定冠詞修飾的可數名詞單數，如不能說 each they，each his book，each the student；而必須用 each of結構，如 each of them，each of his books，each of the students；但 each可以放在複數名詞或代詞後面，如 The students/They each took a share。
much
much ----much多用於否定句或疑問句中，如 There is not much food in the house。Do you have much difficulty in finding the house？在肯定句中多用plenty of，a lot of，a large quantity of，a good deal of；但當 much作主語的一部分或與how／too／so／as連用時常用在肯定句中，如 Much of what you say is true；You have given me too much。注意下面幾個與much相搭配的習慣說法。
1.not much of a… 一 not a very good…"不是一個很好的……"：It wasn't much of a dinner．
2．"too much of a…（to do sth）"一"太……（而不……）'：He is _____ coward to speak the truth．a．too much of a b．too much a c．o much a d．so much of a（答案 a．考研'89．譯文：他是個十足的膽小鬼，不敢講真話。）
3．"much as十從句"一 although"雖然，儘管"；Much as hate to do it，I must stay home and study tonight．儘管我不喜歡，但是今天晚上我必須呆在家裡學習。
4．"as much as"一"同樣（程度）地"：The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as ______ its soils and the water of its lakes，rivers and oceans．a．are b．is c．do d． has（答案a．CET．6'90／1．譯文：正如土壤和湖、河和海洋裡的水是地球的一部分一樣，大氣層同樣也是地球的一部分。）Give me as much again．再給我那麼多。
5．not so much as／without so much as一"連……都沒有'：He didn't so much as thank me for returning his money found．我把撿到的錢還給他，他連說聲謝謝都沒有。He left without so much as saying goodbye.他連說聲再見都沒有就走開了。
6．"not so much A as B"一"與其說 A，不如說B"：Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it．與其說各大洋把地球分割開來，還不如說是把地球聯成一個整體。
7．"much less"一（用在否定句後）"更不用說"：I didn't even speak to him, much less discuss your problems with him.我連話都不跟他說，再不用說跟他一起討論你的問題了。
must have done sth
must have done sth ----用於以肯定的語氣推斷過去必定發生了某事（常考句型）：My pain____ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:"Are you feeling all right?" a．must be b．had been c．must have been d．had to be（答案 c．考研'96．譯文：我的疼痛一定很明顯，因為我遇到的第一個人就同情地問我："你不要緊吧？"）
no more than
no more than ----1.用於"no more than+錢數/名詞"，"僅僅，只，只不過"，表示說話者認為太少，不滿意：He gave me no more than＄10．他只給我 10美元。He is no more than a puppet．他只不過是個傀儡。
2."no more…than"；。"not any more than""A像B一樣不……；A和B一樣都不…"：He is no more a god than we are．（或）He is not a god any more than we are．他和我們一樣都不是神。（注：這種表現法是為加強than前面的否定而用的，than後面的文句表面上看是肯定句，起含義實屬否定。一般說來，than後面的文句所陳述的事實是顯而易見的或是常識，以此來襯托說明前面亦染。）再如：He can not effect the impossible any more than we can．不可能的事情我們做不到，他和我們一樣也做不到。The heart is intelligent than the stomach，for they are both controlled by the brain．a．not so b．not much c．much more d．no more（答案 d．考研'94．譯文：心臟和胃一樣都沒有智力，它們都是由大腦控制的。）與 no more… than意思相反的結構是 no less…than"不亞於，與……同樣好"：Sunlight is ______ necessary than fresh air to a healthy condition of body．a．less b．no less much d．no more（答案 b．譯文：陽光與新鮮空氣一樣對維持身體健康同樣必要。）
no other than／none other than
no other than／none other than ----用於強調，表示驚奇，"不是別人而正是……"：The stranger was none other than my old friend John.那位陌生人不是別人，正是我的老朋友約翰。（注：none other than用在以人作主語的句子中，no other than主要用在It is…的強調句中，但none other than也可用在強調句中。）如：It is no other than/none other than old Mr．Smith．那正是史密斯老先生。
not that…，but that…
not that…，but that… ----"並非因為…，而是因為…"：Not that John doesn't want to help you, but that it's beyond his power.並非約翰不願意幫助你，而是因為他無能為力。
not just…，but rather
not just…，but rather ----"不僅僅…而主要是…"：Everyone works several hours each day． The aim is not just to keep busy but rather to find meaning and enjoyment in work．人人每天都工作幾小時，其目的不僅僅是為了不閒著，而是為了在工作中找到生活的意義和快樂。
now that…
now that… ----"既然，由於"： ____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. a．For now b．Now that c．Ever since d．By now（答案 b．CET－4'90／1．譯文：既然我們已完成功課，我們就開始再做些複習吧。）＿ we have all the materials ready，we should begin the new task at once．a．Since that b．Since now c．By now d．Now that（答案 d．考研 89．譯文：既然我們已備齊了材料，我們就立刻開始新的任務吧。）（注：nowthat引導的從句所陳述的必須是現在的事實或已經發生的事實；若尚未發生，需改用 since／as引導，如不能說 Now that he won't come，let's have our meeting now，而必須將這句話中的 now that改為 since／as才可以。now that的考試頻度也很大。）
on／upon
on／upon ----1．"on十動名詞（或表示動作意義的名詞）"，該結構表示此動作一發生，句子謂語的動作就接著發生，可譯為"-……（就……）"：_____ my return, I learned that Prof. Smith had been at the museum and would not be back for several hours．a．At b．On c．With d．During（答案b．考研'91．譯文：我一回來，就聽說史密斯教授去博物館了，幾個小時以後才回來。）2．"on+（表示動作意義的）名詞"，這一結構所表達的意思相當於與該名詞同源的動詞的現在分詞，表示"正在……"（注意名詞前要用定冠詞，一般來說與這種名詞同源的動詞是不及物動詞）：The production is on the decline（一 declining）．生產在下降。常見的與 on搭配的名詞有： on the increase; on the decrease; on the run; on the rise; on the boil; on the move; on the watch等。
only
only ----1．"only too十形容詞（或過去分詞）"（＝very），表所"非常"：I shall be only too pleased to come．能來我非常高興。The news was only too true.這訊息太好了（不可能是真的）。與only too搭配的形容詞常見的有：pleased/ready／willing／glad／happy等。
2．"if only"引導虛擬條件句，表示"但願，要是……就好了"：If only he would stop talking!他要是停止說話就好了！If only I had followed your advice!我要是聽你的話就好了！
3."only that"（=but that）"只是，要不是"：I would do it with pleasure, only (that) I am too busy.
4."only to-V"用在謂語動詞後，表示後來發生了事先沒有料到的事情（這一用法也常考）：After twenty years abroad, William came back only to find his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake. We rushed to the airport only to find the plane flying away.
5."not only…but also""不僅…而且"(not only放在句首時需要用倒裝句；另外要注意not only…but also引導的成分要對等)：Not only did he speak more correctly, but (also) he spoke more easily.
rather
rather ---- 1."would/had rather…than"或"rather than…would"表示"寧願…而不願"：She would rather have the small one than the large one. He would rather be liked than (be) feared. Rather than refuse to help you, I'd borrow money from my bank. We ourselves would rather have left on the 8th, but we didn't leave till the 12th. I'd rather you ______ those important documents with you. A. not take b. don't take c. won't take d. didn't take (答案d. CET-6'93/6.)(注：如果would rather只涉及主語的選擇或愛好時，後面可直接跟動詞原形或不定式完成式；than前後連線的兩個成分要對等，可以是不定式或名詞；would rather後面動詞的施動者若不是句子主語本身而是另一個人時，後面需用從句，從句謂語用虛擬語氣，即用一般過去時表示與現在的事實相反或很難實現的願望；用過去完成時表示與已經發生的事實相反的願望。在托福考試中，從句謂語還可以用動詞原形，用動詞原形僅僅表示一種願望，如：We would rather that he take this train．我們倒希望他乘這趟火車走。)
2．"rather than"或"rather…than""是……而不是……；應……而不應……;寧願……而不願……：He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction．He ran rather walked．This is rather for father to decide than for you．We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style． a．rather than b．other than c．better than d．less than（答案 a．考研'95．）Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _____ harm them. A. more than b. other than c. rather than d. better than（答案c. CET－4'93／6．譯文：發展核科學應造福於人民而不是有害於人民。）
3．"or rather""更確切些說"（用於更正前面說的話）：He arrived very late last night，or rather in the early hours this morning.他昨天很晚．更確切些說是今天凌晨才到達。
same
same（adj．）----"同樣的，相同的" the same…that／as""和……一樣"（注：that和 as都可以引導定語從句，有時可以換用；但如果從句省略了謂語動詞時則只能用as而不能用that。如果定語從句修飾的是人、時間和地點時，連詞 that還可以用 who／when/where(代替)：He uses the same books that/as you do/as you.他用的書和你用的一樣。Put the book back in the same place where you found it．你在哪裡發現的這本書，還把它放回原地。The price is the same as before the war.物價與戰前一樣。（這裡的as不能換用that）
say
say（vt.）---- l．"sb／sth is said to have done sth"＝It's said that sb/sth has done sth or did sth."據說某人／某物做了某事"（注："be said to十不定式完成式"表示這個動作在謂語動詞的動作發生之前已經完成，不定式完成也可以用被動態。這是常考句型。）：The building is said _____ (destroy) in a fire two years ago.（考研'81．答案：由時間狀語 two years ago可以判定destroy的動作發生在謂語動作之前，又由於大樓是被燒燬的，所以應用不定式完成式被動態，因此應把destroy變為 to have been destroyed）
2．"to say nothing of"---（用在肯定句後）"更不用說，還不說"：The effort required is immense，to say nothing of the cost．要求付出的努力是巨大的，更不用說花費了。
so
so ---1．"not so十形容詞／副詞十as"：It was not so easy as all that.並不那麼容易。It did not take so long as he had feared.並不像他害怕的那樣費那麼長時間。He was not so much angry as disappointed．他很生氣，但更失望。
2．so十形容詞十可數名詞單數：I've never seen so beautiful child．我從未見過這樣英俊的孩子。（注：該句型相當於 such a十形十名詞，但比後者更文氣些。）
3．"so十形容詞+as＋to-V"：Would you be so kind as to help me？勞駕幫幫忙好嗎？We'11 be much obliged if you will be so kind suggestions for improvement of our work. a．to make b．as making c．making d．as to make（答案 d．譯文：如果你能提出改進我們工作的建議，我們將非常感激。）He is not so stupid as to do that．他不會傻到竟然去做那種事情。
4. "not so much as"---"連……都沒有"：He didn't so much as ask me to sit down．他竟然連請我坐下都沒有。
5．so as to --- 以便：I will have everything ready so as not to keep you waiting.我很快就將一切準備好了，以便不讓你久等。so用在肯定的陳述句之後引導倒裝省略句，表示"也同樣：John had been working hard and so had his brother．約翰一直很用功，他弟弟也是這樣。
something of a…
something of a… ---"可說是個；某種程度上的"（語氣上多少帶點貶義）：He's something of a liar，don't you think？他不太老實，你說不是嗎？I'm something of a carpenter．我能做些木工活。
soon
soon ----1. no sooner…than --- 一……就；剛…便（注：no sooner放在句首時需要用倒裝語句，這是常考句型）：No sooner had we reached the top of the hill ___＿ we all sat down to rest．a．when b．then c．than d．until(答案c．CET4'91/6．譯文：我們一到達山頂就坐下來休息了。)
2."would (just) as soon…(as)" ---"寧願"： I would (just) as soon stay at home (as go for a walk).我倒寧願呆在家裡。I'd just as soon ______ rudely to her a. that you won't speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didn't speak（答案d．考研'81．譯文：我倒希望你不要對她說話不禮貌。）（注：would just as soon後面的從句謂語需用虛擬語氣一般過去時。）
3."would sooner…than" --- "寧願…而不願"：He would sooner resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.他寧肯辭職而不願參與這類不誠實的交易。
such
such --- "這樣的，這種的；那麼的，如此程度的"：such people as these; people such as these像這樣的一類人；such poets as Keats and Shelley; poets such as Keats and Shelley像基茨和雪萊那樣的詩人（注：such as用於舉例時後面不能再用 etc．／and so on之類的詞語，如不能說such as Keats and Shelley，etc．）"such as to＋inf．／such（…）that""這樣的……以致／以便"：Your stupidity is such as to fill me with despair．你是這樣的愚鈍，使我很失望。His illness is not such as to cause anxiety．他的病還沒有嚴重到引起憂慮的程度。He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others．他從不猶豫提出對別人有益的批評。It wasn't such a good dinner _____ she had promised us. a. that b. which c. as d. what（答案。CET4'90／1．譯文：那並不是她曾答應我們的那樣一頓美餐。）（注：在上面兩句中 as是關係代詞。）His behavior was such／Such was his behavior that everyone disliked him．他的行為如此糟糕，大家都不喜歡他。"such as it is／as they are"---"儘管不怎麼樣（質量不高或價值不大）"：You can use my bicycle，such as it is．你可以用我的自行車，雖然不太好。Jane told her grandmother her grades, such as they were.簡把她的成績告訴了她奶奶，雖然成績不怎麼好。"as such"---（指前面剛剛提到的）"作為這樣一個人／物"，such作代詞：He is a child，and must be treated as such．他是個孩子，必須作為孩子對待他。He is the master and as such must be obeyed．他是主人，因此必須服從他。
than
than ----後面可以跟一個省略主語而只保留系詞和表語的省略句，這種句式常考：We often advise him not to drink more wine _____ is good for his health． a．as b．but c．that d．than（答案d．CET6'93／6．譯文：我們常常勸告他喝酒不要超過有益於身體健康的程度。（than後面省略了 it）（注：1995年6月的六級題中也有一道類似的題。）The protect requires more labour than because it is extremely difficult． a．has been put in b. have been put in c. being put in d. to be put in（答案a.考研'92．譯文：此項工程要求投入的比已經投入的更多的勞動，因為工程極其困難。）（這裡than後面省略了what）There were more casualties than was reported（＝than it was reported there were）．實際傷亡人數要比報道的多。There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than in the public mind today． a．exists b．exist c．existing d．existed（答案a．考研'95．譯文：對於當今存在於公眾頭腦中的可能會得癌症的憂慮應當減少。）（這裡than後面可看作是省略了what。）
that
that ---1．作為代詞，為避免重複，代替前面提到過的特指不可數名詞：By 1990，production in the area is expected to double _____ of 1980. a．that b．it c．one d．what（答案a．CET－6'90／1．譯文：到1990年該地區的產量可望比1980年翻一番。）（這裡that代替前面的名詞 the production。）The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half ______. a．of last year's b．those of last year's c．of those of last year d. that of last year's（答案d．考研'96．譯文：已登記參加今年馬拉松賽的人數比去年少了一半.）（這裡 that代替 the number。）
2．作關係代詞引導定語從句：在由形容詞最高階／the only／the same／any／every／no等修飾的名詞後面的定語從句和在any thing/nothing／every everything／much／all等後面的定語從句，多用關係代詞that而不用 which或 who：Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived．牛頓是有史以來最偉大的人物之一。He is the only man that can do it．他是惟一能做此事的人。She wore the same dress that she did at Mary's wedding.她穿著在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一件衣服。Any boy that wants to play can do so．任何想玩（遊戲）的孩子都可以玩。I never have taken anything that didn't belong to me．我從未拿過任何不屬於我的東西。He had nothing left that he could pawn．他再也沒有什麼可以典當的東西了。He had read without discrimination everything that he happened to come across.他不加選擇地讀了他所能得到的一切書。Much that have read has been nonsense．我讀過的不少東西都是無聊的廢話。Once they had fain， fortune，secure futures； _____ is utter poverty. A. now that all is left b．now all which is left c. now all that is left d. now all what is left(答案c. CET6 '91/6.譯文：他們曾有過名氣、富貴、可靠的未來，而現在所剩下的一切就只有赤貧了。)All is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life． a．what is needed b．for our needs c．the thing needed d．hat is needed（答案 d．CET4'90／1．譯文：現在所需要的就是不斷提供最基本的生活必須品。）
3．作連詞引導主語從句（注：that引導的主語從句一般後置，用形式主語it代替，但特別要注意放在句首的主語從句的用法）： ____ is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages. a．That the sun and not the earth b．Being the sun and not the earth c．It is the sun and not the earth d．The sun and not the earth（答案a．CET6'93／6．譯文：是太陽而不是地球是我們星系的中心這一概念在中世紀是難以理解的。）
4．作連詞引導目的、結果、程度狀語從句：They have died that liberty might live．他們犧牲了為的是自由可以生存。（作目的狀語，此處實際上是省略了 so）What was the matter with the fellow that he looked o happy？那人怎麼了，他顯得這麼高興？（結果狀語）He was so embarrassed that he could not speak to her．他是那麼地窘迫，他對她說不出話來。（程度狀語）
5．作副詞修飾形容詞或別的副詞，表示"那麼，那樣，這麼"，有時前面再用all加以強調，如 （all）that far，that good，that clever，that careless，that much，that high，that angry，that ill，that well等等（這一用法也常考）：I won't pay $20 for the coat； It's not worth _______. a．all that much b．that much all．that all much d．much all that（答案 a．考研'88．譯文：我不會花 20美元去買那件大衣，它決不值那麼多錢。）After having gone _____ far，George did not want to turn back． a．enough b．much c．such d．that（答案 d．考研'92．譯文：喬治已經走了那麼遠了，不願意再折回了。）
6．用於連詞短語"in that"中，表示"因為"和複合連詞"now that"中，請參見上面相應的詞條。
under
under十名詞 ----（注：這個名詞須是表示動作意義的名詞，前面不用冠詞，這個結構相當於與該名詞同源的及物動詞的進行式被動態，under repair－being repaired ； under discussion＝being discussed；under criticism＝being criticized等等，The survival of civilization as we know it is _____ threat. a．within b．towards c．under d．upon（答案 c．CET4'95／6．譯文：我們所熟知的文明的生存正在受到威脅。）其它這類短語還有：under construction"在建設中"；under fire"遭到炮火射擊"；（或）"受到批評"；under examination"受到審查"；under control"受到控制"；under suspicion"受到懷疑"；under detention"在拘留中"；under consideration"在考慮中"; under study"在研究中"；under review"在審查中"；under investigation"在調查中'等等。
used to (do)與be used to (sth)的區別
used to (do)與be used to (sth)的區別：used to（do）----這裡的 used只用過去時，表示"過去常常……（但現在已不這樣了）"；否定式是used not（或縮合式use(d)n't,也可以用didn't use(d)；疑問句可用Used (sb) to do或Did (sb) use to do…？：I used to write poetry myself when I was his age.我在他那個年齡時常愛寫詩。They used to play golf，didn't／use（d）n't they？他們過去常愛打高爾夫球，是不是？She didn't use(d) to do it, did/used she？她過去不常做這個，對吧？Used you to know him/Did you use to know him?你過去對他熟悉嗎？There used to be some trees in this field，use（d）n't／didn't there？過去這塊農田裡有一些樹，是不是？（比較下面兩句的差異：①I Don't swim as much as I used to.我現在不如過去那麼經常游泳廠。 (2) Life isn't so easy here as it used to be．現在這裡的生活不如過去容易。（注：①句的主動詞是行為動詞 swim，省略句中只保留不定式符號to，省略掉動詞swim及所帶成分，而 (2)句的主動詞是系詞be，在省略句中只能省略be後面的表請部分,be不能省略，這一點要注意。）be／get used to（doing）sth ---"習慣於……"（注：這裡的 to是介詞，不是不定式符號）：He's quite used to hard work／to working hard．他習慣於勤奮工作。You will soon _____ this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you. a. get used to b. get to c. get over d. get on with（答案 a．考研'84．譯文：你不久就可以適應這裡的氣候了,那時溫度的變化就不會對你造成影響了。）
what
what ----引導名詞從句，可以作主語、賓語和表語（這也是常考句型）：In some countries, _____ is called equality does not really mean equal rights for all people．a．which b. one c．that d．what（答案d．CET4'95／6．譯文：在有些國家，所謂的"平等"並不真正意味著所有人都享有平等的權利。（what名詞從句作主語。）Physics is the present-day equivalent of used to be called natural philosophy，from which most of present－day science arose． a．that b．what c．all d. which（答案 b．CET6'93／6．譯文：物理學是過去通常被稱作自然哲學的當今的對應詞，大部分當今的自然科學均產生於此。）（what名詞從句作介詞賓語。）Water will continue to be ____ it is today ---next in importance to oxygen． a．how b．which c．as d．what（答案d．考研'92．譯文：水將繼續是今天的樣子，其重要性僅次於氧氣。）（what名詞從句作表語。）
whether
whether ----引導間接疑問句或帶to不定式作賓語；引導從句時，如果不發生誤解，口語中可與if換用，但若從句放在句首或作介詞賓語時，不能換用if；引導不定式時也不能換用if；若與or連用引導兩個間接疑問句時， or後面需重複 whether；whether引導的從句除作賓語外，還可作主語、表語、同位語和讓步狀語：I don't know whether／if you like flowers．我不知道你是否喜歡鮮花。This is certainly the case but whether it is a defect or not I don't quite know.情況當然是這樣，但這是不是一個缺陷，我不太清楚。（此句不能換用價 It all depends on whether we can get their co-operation．這完全取決於我們能否得到他們的合作。（不能換用if）I don't know whether to accept or refuse．我不知道該接受或是該拒絕。（不能換用if，第二個不定式符號 to可以省略）I wonder whether we shall be in time for the last bus or whether we shall have to walk home．不知道我們是否可以趕上最後一趟公共汽車，或者我們將不得不步行回家。（這是兩個並列從句，or後需重複 whether）Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen．這到底對我們有害處或是有好處，尚有待觀察。（作主語）His firs question was whether Holmes had arrived yet．他的第一個問題就是赫爾姆斯是否已到達。（作表語）She was in bitter doubt whether she was right．她非常懷疑她是否對。（作同位語） Whether we go or whether we stay，the result is the same.不論我們是走還是留，結果都是一樣的。（作狀語）Whether from bravery or stubbornness，they did not give in．不管是出於勇敢還是由於頑固，他們沒有屈服。（作狀語）
with
with十複合結構 ---- With後面可跟帶現在分詞、過去分詞方。不定式和介詞短語等各種複合結構，有時稱為 with獨立結構，作狀語，表示原因、方式或伴隨狀態：I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill．由於我母親有病，我將不能去度假。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.他鎖門閉戶在家整整工作了一個下午。I can't go out with all These dishes to wash．我有這麼多碗碟要洗，我出去不了啦。He was asleep with his head on his arms．他在那裡睡著了，頭枕在雙臂上。With John away，we've got more room．約翰不在家，我們就寬鬆多了。
worth
worth ----作形容詞，可表示"值…錢，相當於……價值的"；"值得……的"（注：worth作形容詞只用於作表語，它後面跟動名詞形式實際相當於該動詞的被動態）：It's not worth more than two pounds．它最多值兩英鎊。The book is well worth reading．這本書很值得一讀。As your instructor advised，you ought to spend your time on something ______ researching into． a. precious b. worth c. worthy d. valuable（答案 b．考研'94．譯文：正大你的老師建議的那樣，你應該把時間花在值得進行研究的東西上。）
worthwhile
worthwhile ----"值得（花時間）做的，有價值的"：a worthwhile experiment值得做的實驗；The visit to Pairs was worthwhile．到巴黎的參觀是值得的。The effort seemed worthwhile to French decision－makers．這種努力對法國的決策者們來說似乎是值得的。They did not find ______ to prepare for the worst conditions they might meet． a．worth their while b．it worthwhile c. it worth d. it worthy（答案 b．考研'84．譯文：他們認為不值得為他們可能會遇到的最壞情況作準備。）（注：worthwhile還可以分開寫成 worth while，分開寫時後面可跟不定式或動名詞：It's not worth while to lose/losing your temper.不值得生氣。）
worthy of
worthy of ----"值得的，配得上的"；"有優點的，值得尊敬的"（注：worthy可以作定語修飾名詞；作表語，後面多跟of；但根據張道真的（現代英語用法詞典）P．546所引例句，後面還可跟不定式）：live a worthy life過有意義的生活；a most worthy young man一位非常有出息的年輕人；the worthy poor值得尊敬的窮人；a worthy winner配得上的勝利者；He is a teacher worthy of great respect．他是個非常值得尊敬的老師。She is not worthy to talk to a man like you．她不配與你這樣的人談話。（注：要注意worth、worthy和worthwhile三詞的具體含義和習慣搭配，它們的考試頻度較大。）
動名詞的用法
1．只能跟動名詞作賓語的常見動詞有：suggest，finish，avoid、mind，enjoy，quit，postpone，delay，practise，fancy，imagine，consider，deny，escape，miss，risk，confess（to），admit（to），appreciate，involve，favour，save，resent，survive等。見下例：
(1)He avoided giving us a definite answer．
(2)I enjoy working with you．
(3)Would you mind filling out this form？
(4)I appreciate ______ to your home．
a．to be invited b．to have invited
c．having invited d．being invited（答案 d．CET4'91／6．）（注：want，need，require， deserve，demand等屬另一類動詞，如果以事物作主語時表示"需要"，後面要求跟動名詞，這種動名詞在 形式上是主動態，實際上表達的是被動態的意思。）見下例：
(5)The floor requires washing．
(6) Your hair wants cutting．
(7)The garden needs watering．（注：need後面既可以跟動名詞，也可以跟不定式被動態，表達的意思相 同，如 The garden needs to be watered．）另外，advise，recommend，allow，permit，forbid等動 詞後面既可以直接跟動名詞作賓語（如 advise starting early tomorrow），也可以跟帶不定式的複合 結構（如 advise sb to do sth）。見下例：
(8)The teacher doesn't permit ______ in class．
a．smoke b．to smoke c．smoking d．to have a smoke（答案 c．CET4'91/6．）（注：如果 permit後 面需跟以人作賓語的詞，就需將該句改為：The teacher doesn't permit anybody to smoke in class． ）
(9)I recommend (your) buying/you to buy this dictionary.（可以使用由物主代詞限定的動名詞作賓語 ）
2．要求跟動名詞作賓語的短語動詞和成語很多，常見的有：amount to"意味著，等於是說"；feel like"很想"；go on"繼續"；aim at"旨在"；keep on"繼續"；set about"開始，著手"；insist on"堅持要"；succeed in"成功地做……"；persist in"堅持（做）"；dream of"夢想"；object to"反對"； approve of"贊成"； refrain from"剋制不做"；look forward to"期待著"；depend on"依賴於"；give up"放棄"；see to"處理，負責（做）"；fall to"開始（做）"；leave off"停下"；take to"變得喜歡"；put off"推遲"；participate in"參加"；come close to"幾乎，差點"； join ill"參加"；suspect sb of"懷疑某人……"；excuse sb from"原諒某人……"； accuse sb of"指控某人……"；excuse sb from"允許某人不做…"；change sb with"控告某人……"；spend time…"花時間做……"；when it comes to…"至於，談到"；waste time…"做……是浪費時間"；set one's heart/mind on…"決意要……"。見下例：
(1)He insisted on doing it in his own way．
(2)I've been looking forward to coming to China for a long time．
(3)The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court．a．objected to having b．were objected to have c．objected to have d．were objected to having（答案 a．CET4'91／6．object為不及物動詞，後面要求跟介詞to十名詞或動名詞，不能跟不 定式，也沒有被動態。）
(4)My father has taken to playing the golf at the weekends．
3．後面要求限動名詞的形容詞／過去分詞十介詞結構，常見的有：fond of"喜愛"；good at"擅長於"；sick of"厭煩"；proud of"為……感到驕傲"；keen on"熱望於"；responsible for"對……負責"； capable of"能夠"； afraid of"害怕"；thirsty for"渴望"； tired of"對……厭煩"；interested in"對……感興趣"；ashamed of"自慚於"；engaged in"忙於"；opposed to反對；accustomed to"習慣於"；given to"喜歡，常愛"；reduced to"到了……境地"；bent on"一心要"；get used to"習慣於"。見下例：
(1)They are all opposed to putting the meeting off．
(2)I am proud of being a member of the Chinese Communist Party．
(3)Is there any place you're particularly keen on visiting?
(4)Who is responsible for organizing the excursion？
虛擬語氣的用法
句子謂語需用動詞原形的情況
虛擬語氣考試的頻度非常大。虛擬語氣主要分為兩大類：謂語使用動詞原形的情況及使用過去時或過去 完成時的情況。
1．句子謂語需用動詞原形的情況
1）英語中有些表示願望、建議、命令、要求的動詞的賓語從句的謂語需用
should十動詞原形， 美國英語多用動詞原形，英國英語可用動詞原形或用 should十動詞原形兩種形式。
這些常用動詞包括：suggest，propose，recommend，order，demand command request，require，insist，desire，ask，
urge，advise，move（提動議），prefer，determine，resolve，decide，vote，arrange.
這些動詞變為被動態時，從句謂語仍需用虛擬式。見下例：
(1)Mary insisted that John come．
(2)We desire that the tour leader _____ us immediately of any change in plans．
a. inform b. informs c．informed d．has informed（答案a．CET4'93/6.）
(3)Congress has decided that the present law be maintained．
(4)My father did not go to New York ； the doctor suggested that he _____ there．
a. not go b. hadn't gone c. not to go d. wouldn't go（答案a．CET6）
(5)They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.
(6)They requested that we（should）send a delegation to their country．
(7)We prefer that the plan should be fully discussed before being put into execution．
（注： prefer的賓語從句謂語多用 should十動詞原形，也可直接用動詞原形。）
(8)It is recommended that the project _____ until all the preparations have been made.
a．not be started b．will not be started
c．Is not started d．Is not to be started （答案a.CET4'95／6．）
(9)It was arranged that they leave the following week．
(10) It is。quested．that John（should）give a performance at the party．
與這些動詞同源的名詞的同位語從句或表語從句的謂語動詞也需用虛擬語氣。
與這些動詞相應的名詞有： suggestion／proposal／recommendation／order／demand／
request／requirement／insistence／desire／ advice／motion（動 議）／determination／
resolution／decision/preference／arrangement等。見下例：
(1)He gave orders that the work（should）be started at once．
(2)Everyone was tired，so Bill got up and made a motion that the meeting be adjourned．
(3)Presently he made the suggestion that they carry on their conversation in French．
2）在一些形容詞後面的從句謂語需用虛擬語氣。
英語中有些表示必要性、重要性、願望、建議、驚異、遺憾、要求等意思的形容詞，
在 It is十形容詞十 that從句結構中，從句謂語需用虛擬式。
這些常用的形容詞有：necessary／important／vital／essential／
imperative/urgent/appropriate/preferable/
natural/strange/amazing/desirable/advisable/incredible；
以及以人作主語的形容詞 desirous/insistent/sorry/sad/surprised等和名詞pity／necessity／importance
等的同位語從句。見下例：
(1)It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once．
(2)It is important that we unite with all that can be united In the struggle．
(3)t was essential that the application forms back before the deadline．
a．must be sent b． would be sent c．be sent d．were sent（答案 c．CET4'90／1．）
(4)It is highly desirable that every effort be made to reduce expenditure．
(5)It is a great pity that he should be so conceited．
(6)It is a burning shame that little children should have to beg In street．
(7)It is of the utmost importance that you _____ here on time．
a．be b．shall be c．are to be d．must be（答案 a．CET6'95／6．）
(8)The president is strongly desirous that you should attend the meeting．
從句謂語需用過去時或過去完成時的情況
2．從句謂語需用過去時或過去完成時的情況
1）從句謂語用一般過去時的情況。
（1）It is（high）time sb did／was doing sth．
在這個句式中，從句謂語只能用一般過去時或過去進行時。見下例：
(1)It's time you went to bed．
(2)It's time we were setting out．Its time they were taught a lesson．
(3)It's time about the traffic problem down town．
a．nothing to be done b．anything will be done
c．everything is done d．something was done（答案 d．CET－6'93／6）
（2）would sooner/would (just) as soon（從句謂語多用一般過去時）
（would sooner = would prefer； would as soon = would be equally willing）見下例：
(1)I could go myself but I would sooner you went．
(2)I would just as soon you didn't go there．
2）從句謂語可用一般過去時和過去完成時。
（1）wish
wish表示的願望往往與現在或過去的事實相反，或者是很難實現的願望，因此其賓語從句的謂語要求用虛擬語氣，有以下三種情況：
若表示的願望與說話時存在的事實相反，賓語從句謂語用一般過去時，be動詞多用were.
若表示的願望是指未來，賓語從句謂語多用could/would/might do/be。
若表
2.作關係代詞，使用下面句型：1）"such…as"（as在此接近於who/that/which）：Such women as Tom knew thought he was charming.湯姆認識的那些婦女都認為他長得很迷人。I never heard such stories as he tells.我從未聽說過他講的那些故事。He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others．只要對別人有幫助，他從不猶豫提出這類批評。It wasn't such a good dinner she had promised us． a．that b．which c．as d．what（答案c．CET－4'90／1．譯文：它並不是像她承諾我們的那樣一頓美餐。）2）用在"the same…as"句型中：He doesn't believe the same things as you do．他不相信你相信的那些東西。（注：as的這一用法在OALD詞典中被當作連詞，但在張道真教授編的《現代英語用法詞典》（重排本）P70中被當作關係代詞，似乎後者更合理、更好理解些。）
3．用在"as＋be動詞十表語"從句中，表不"正如"：He is absent，as is often the case．他正如通常那樣又缺席了。Freddie，as might be expected，was attending the conference．正如可能預料的那樣，弗雷迪當時正在出席會議。As was expected，he performed the task with success．正如預料的那樣，他成功地完成了任務。 ______ is known to the world，Mark Twain is a great American writer. a．That b．Which c．As d．It（答案 c．CET－4'93／6．譯文：正如世人所知，馬克?吐溫是一位偉大的美國作家。 _____ is generally accepted，economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production．a．What b．That c．It d．As（答案d．考研'95．譯文：正如所公認的那樣，經濟增長是由生產的平 穩發展所決定的。）（注：as在這一句型中是連詞還是關係代詞也存在著爭議，它在結構上更接近關係代詞，但as與that／which不同，that／which引導的關係從句只能放在先行詞後面，而as引導的從句不但可以放在主句的後面，還可以放在主句的前面。）
4．as用於省略句，為避免重複，as代替表語或賓語部分：David is tall，as are my brothers．像我的幾個弟兄們一樣，戴維也是個高個兒。（as are my brothers用的是倒裝語序，正常語序應是 as my brothers are。）The Second World War，as did the earlier one of 1914，prompted public concern about a physical and Intellectual well－being of the country's human resources．第二次世界大戰，正如早些時候1914年的那次一樣，立即引起了公眾對這個國家人力資源的身心健康的關注。
5．as用於省略句，引起分詞短語作狀語：As expected，the afforestation movement rapidly spread．正如預料的那樣，植樹造林運動迅速擴充套件開來。It usually happens as described above．它的發生通常如上面所描寫的那樣。He had failed to visit her as promised．他沒有像他允諾的那樣去看望她。His first novel"Night" was an account of the Nazi crimes ____ through the eyes of a teenaged boy．a．as seen b．which saw c．but was seen d．and were seen（答案a．選自六級樣題．譯文：他的第一部小說《夜》通過一個十幾歲的男孩的眼睛描述了納粹的罪行。）
6．用於as much…as；not so much… as"或"not so／as十形容詞十as"句式中：He said the situation there was not so bad as had been painted．他說，那裡的局勢並不像所描繪的那樣糟。The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach the art of learning．學校教育的偉大作用與其說是教給你東西，還不如說是教給你如何學習的技能。He is not so much a writer as a reporter．與其說他是位作家，還不如說他是個記者。They were expected to be models of virtue，honoured as much for their character as for their learning．人們期望他們成為美德的典範，不但因為他們的學識，而且因為他們的品德而受到敬重。
7．用於 as if/as though引導的省略句中：He paused as if expecting Lenny to speak．（as if後面跟現在分詞）他停了一下，好象是在等待拉尼講話一樣。The boy turned， as if awakened from some dream。（後面跟過去分詞）那男孩翻了翻身，好像從夢中醒來一樣。He opened his mouth as if to speak something．（後面跟不定式）他張張口，好像要說些什麼。He glanced as if in search of something．（後面跟介詞短語）他瞟了一眼，好像在尋找什麼東西一樣。
8．用在"just as…，so…"結構中：Just as the soil is a part of the earth，＿_ the atmosphere． a．as it is b．the same is c．so is d．and so is（答案 c．考研'95．譯文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一樣，大氣層也是地球的一部分。）（so is the atmosphere是倒裝句。在"just as…，so…"句式中，so引導的主句常用倒裝語序，尤其在主語特別長時更是如此，so代替被省略了的表語部分。）Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks， ______ the experienced writer is skilled in the handling of his words．a．so b．as c．thus d．like（答案 a．CET．6'93／6．譯文：正如建築工人砌磚鬱閒熟的技藝一樣，有經驗的作家在用詞做文章上也有高超的技藝。）
before
before一特別要注意before在下面幾個例句中的用法，在這些例句中，before相當於and then，漢語常譯為"然後；才"：I must finish my work before go home．我必須先把工作做完再回家。He had to be called two or three times before he would come to his dinner．往往要叫他兩三遍，他才肯過來吃飯。The farmer decided to drive the cows away before they made more damage to the crops．那個農夫決定把那些牛趕走，以免對莊稼造成更大的損害。It was several years before we met again．又過了好幾年我們才又見了面。A man escaped from the prison last night．It was a long time the guards discovered what had happened． a．before b．until c．since d．when（答案 a．CET．4'93／6．譯文：昨晚一個犯人從監獄逃跑了，過了好久警衛才發現發生了什麼事。）Scientists say it may be five or ten years _____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since b. before c. after d. when (答案 b．CET．4'95／6．譯文：科學家們說，可能還需要 5到 10年才能將這種藥在病人身上作實驗。（注：before的這一用法經常考試）
busy
busy -busy作表語時僅面可跟如下結構：busy with／at／over/-ing"忙於……"：Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy for her examination． a．to prepare b．to be prepared c．preparing d．being prepared（答案 c．CET－4'93／6． 譯文：瓊昨天晚上沒有時間去聽音樂會，因為她在忙於準備考試。）We were busy （get）things ready for the trial production when he phoned us．（考研'80．答案：將get變為getting．譯文：我們正為試生產而忙著做準備時，他打來了電話．）
but for
but for ----用於虛擬語氣中，表示"若非"，相當於if not，後面跟名詞；還可用 but that引導一個從句，陳述具體事實：_____ bed its destination on time. a．In case of b．In spite of c．Because of d．But for（答案 d．CET－6'90／1．譯文：若不是由於洪水，輪船就可以按時抵達目的地了）。He might have been killed __＿_ the arrival of the police．a．except for b．but for c．with d．for（答案 b．CET－6'95／6．譯文： 若不是警察趕到，他可能就被殺害了。） ______ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. a. In spite of b. But for c. Because of d. As for（答案 b．考研'91．譯文：要不是有英語考試，我上個星期天就去聽音樂會了。）
but that
but that ---- 用在虛擬語氣中，but that從句謂語用陳述語氣，陳述具體事實，表示"倘沒有，若不是"： He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.他本來會幫助我們的， 但當時他沒有錢。 but that 還用在"（It is） not that…but that…"句式中,表示"不是因為…而是因為…"：Not that John doesn't want to help you, but that it's beyond his power.不是約翰不想幫助你，而是因為他無能為力。
can／could
can／could ---- 1．"can't…too""怎麼也不為過'：You can't be _____ careful in making the decision as it is such a critical case．a．quite b．very c．too d．so（答案 c．選自六級樣題．譯文：做這一決定時再細心也不為過，因為這是一件至關重要的事情。）
2．"can't/couldn't+比較級"表示"不可能再"，實際上等於"……最"：The earthquake could not have come at a worse time for the war－torn country．對於那個飽受戰爭之苦的國家來說， 地震發生的時間再糟糕不過了。
3．"can't/couldn't+完成式"用於推斷過去"不可能發生了某事"：Mary、my letter， otherwise she would have replied before now．a．has received b. ought to have received c. couldn't have received d. shouldn't have received（答案 C．考研'91．譯文：瑪麗不可能收到了我的信，不然她一定會回信的。）Comrade Li _____ be in Beijing because saw him in town only a few minutes ago．a．mustn't b．can't c．may not d．isn't able to（答案b．考研'80．譯文：李同志不可能在北京，因為僅在幾分鐘前我還在城裡見到了他。）
cannot help-ing
cannot help-ing ----"禁不住，忍不住；避免不了"：I couldn't help overhearing what he said.我禁不住偷聽了他說的話。We couldn't help their seeing us．我們避免不了他們看見我們。
cannot help but do
cannot help but do -----"不由得，不能不"（與 cannot help-ing基本同義）：You can't help but respect them．你不由的要尊敬他們。（注：在這個句式中，還可以把help省略掉，意思不變，如上面的句子也可改變為：You cannot but respect them．）
cannot choose but do
cannot choose but do ----注意ht後面習慣上跟不帶 to的不定式，表示"沒有別的辦法，只好"； He cannot choose but obey．他沒有別的辦法，只好服從。
choice
choice ----注意choice在下面句型中的用法：1．"have no choice but to do"或"There's no choice for sb but to do""沒有別的辦法，只好"（注意 but後面的不定式必須帶 to）：We had no choice but to do what we were asked．我們不得不做要求我們做的工作。2．"have no other choice than to do""沒有別的選擇，只好"：The beaten enemy had no other choice than．a．surrender b．surrendering c．to surrender d．to be surrendered（答案c．譯文：被打敗的敵人沒有別的選擇只好投降。）
do more than do
do more than do ----注意 than後面習慣上跟不帶to的不定式，表示"不僅僅，不單單，不只是"：In the course of a day students do far more than Just classes．a．attend b． attended c.to attend d．attending（答案 a．CET－4'93／6．譯文：在一天之內，學生不只是上課（還要做許多別的事情）。Colleges and universities across the nation have decided to do more than talk about the use in student cheating．除了談論學生作弊的上升以外，全國各地的大學已決定採取一切措施。（摘自《大學英語》第二冊第8課 Honesty：Is It Going Out of Style？）
do nothing but（do）
do nothing but（do） ----"僅僅（做），只（做），除……外什麼都不（做）"：Lots of empty bottles were found under the old man's bed．He must have done nothing but _____ （drink）．（答案：but後用原形動詞 drink。考研'89）（注意下面的句式）So there was nothing for them to do ______ their places at the end of It．a．except take b．but take c．besides take d． but to take（答案 d．譯文：他們只好在盡頭自己的座位上坐下。）（注意這裡的 but後面用不定式to take與前面的for them to do是並列的，處在相同的位置上，作nothing的定語： nothing to do but to take...)
do nothing else than (do)
do nothing else than (do) ---- 注意：do nothing後面用了else後就要用than而不再用but, 但than後面同樣用不帶to的不定式：He sat there, doing nothing else ______. a. but to laugh b. than laughing c. than laugh d. but laughed （答案c. 譯文：他坐在那裡一個勁地笑。）但注意下面這個句子：He had nothing else to do except to return/than to return to his hot room..他沒有別的辦法，只好回到自己酷熱的房間。（這個句子中的不定式 to do和to return做 nothing else的定語．）
either…or
either…or ----"或是……或是……；不是……就是…"。由選擇連詞either…or引導的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的人稱和數要與or後面的名詞保持一致。either…or還可以引導並列名詞或介詞短語作賓語，引導並列謂語或表語，引導並列狀語或定語，引導並列分句。該結構的關鍵是由它們引導的兩個部分必須並列處於同一層次上：Either Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow．要麼蒂姆，要麼他的兄弟們，必須剷雪。The local hunters either shoot or trap them．當地的獵人或者槍殺它們，或者設陷捕捉它們。Either you must improve your work or shall dismiss you．要麼改進你的工作，否則我就解僱你。I was advised _____ for reservations． a．to either telephone or to write the hotel． b. either to telephone or to write the hotel c. that I should telephone or to write the hotel d. I ought either to telephone or write the hotel（答案 b．考研 '85．譯文：他們建議我要麼給旅館打電話，要麼給旅館寫封信預訂房間。）
find
find ----- find後面可以跟帶現在分詞、過去分詞、形容詞或不定式 to be的複合結構作賓語；如果是不定式本身作賓語，要把不定式後移，用形式賓語 it填補其位置：He was found dying／dead／injured．人們發現他快死了／已經死了／受了傷。We found（him to be／that he was）the right man for the job．我們發現他是做這項工作的合適人選。I found to answer all the questions within the time given． a. no possibility b．there was impossibility c. impossible d. it impossible（答案d．考研'80．譯文：我發現在限定的時間內回答所有那些問題是不可能的。）（find上面的用法考試頻度也很大）
for
for ---- 1．"for all""儘管"：all our kindness to help her，Sara refused to listen to us． a. At b. For c. In d. On（答案b．考研'92．譯文：儘管我們好心要幫助她，但薩拉不肯聽我們的。）There may be mistakes occasionally，but for all that，it is the best book on the subject．書中也許偶而有些錯誤，但儘管如此它仍不失為論述這個問題的最好的書。
2．"but for"／"if it weren't for""若不是，若沒有"（用在虛擬語氣中）：But for your help we should not have finished in time．若沒有你的幫助，我們就不能按時完成。Had it not been for your laziness，you could have finished the assignment by now．要不是你懶，你現在可能會完成任務了。（注：在這個句式中，按正常語序謂語可以用縮合形式計 it weren't for或 if it hadn't been for，但若使用倒裝語序時，不能將縮合的 weren't／hadn't放在句首，如不能說 Weren't it for／Hadn't it been for，而必須說 Were it not for／had it not been for．）
3．for作連詞，表示"因為，由於"，多用於書面語中，引導的從句不能放在主句前面，它引導的 原因只是對主句所說的情況作出解釋：Someone must have left the tap on，the water is running over and flooding the bathroom．a．therefore b．for c．nevertheless d． moreover（答案b．考研'84．譯文：一定是誰忘記了關水龍頭，瞧，水溢了出來，洗澡間到處是水。）
4．for用在帶邏輯主語的不定式的結構中一for there to be／for it to be：It would be surprising for any objections to the proposal. a．not to be b．it not to be c．there to be not d．there not to be（答案 d．譯文：對這項建議若沒有任何反對, 那反倒是奇怪的。）For there ______ successful communication，here must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present．a．is b．to be c．will be d. being（答案 b．考研'96．譯文：為了進行成功的思想交流，所有出席的人都必須聚精會神地參加討論。）（注：在there be句型中，雖然真正的主語是後面的名詞，但在語法結構上習慣上把there看作結構主語，所以用介詞 for引導帶邏輯主語的不定式時要把there看作邏輯主語，因此把there is變為帶邏輯主語的不定式時應說 for there to be，這和把 I do sth變為不定式時應說 for me to do sth的道理是一樣的。在這個句式中還要注意如何把 It is time變為由 for引導的不定式。如果要說"現在該吃藥了"，用英語應說 It is time to take medicine。但如果要說"他在等到該吃藥的時間再吃藥"，就應說 He is waiting for it to be time to take medicine。）
given（that）
given（that）一"在有……的情況下；如果有……；假定……；考慮到……"：Given good health，I hope to finish the work this year．如果健康狀況良好，我希望今年完成這項工作。I'd come and see you in Austria，given the chance．如果有機會，我就到奧地利來看你。Given their inexperience／that they are inexperienced，they've done a good job．考慮到他們缺乏經驗，他們的工作還是做得不錯的。（given的這一用法考試頻度也很大）
good/point/sense/use
good/point/sense/use ----注意這幾個名詞在下面句型中的用法："It is no good -ing"表示"……沒有用處"：It's no good my arguing with you．和你爭論沒有用。There is no good in -ing； What's the good of-ing？
have
have十複合結構 ---- have sb do sth；have sb／sth－lug；have sth done（have的這種用法考試頻度也很大）：They'11 have you if you don't pay your taxes．a．to be arrested b． arrest c．arrested d．being arrested（答案 c．CET－6'91／6．譯文：如果你不納稅，他們將要逮捕你。）I didn't understand what the teacher said，and had him explain it again to me．我不懂老師說的意思，我又讓他給我解釋了一遍。
in that…
in that… ----此為複合連詞，相當於 because引導的原因狀語從句，考試頻度極大，在四六級和考研試題中幾乎每年都有一題，如 1995年三個試題中均考了該題：Liquids are like solids _____ they have a definite volume．a．with that b．for that c．in that d．at that（答案。 CET－4'95／6．譯文：液體與固體一樣，它們也有確定的體積。）Britain's press is unusual _____ it is divided into two very different types of newspaper：the quality press and the popular press． a．in how b．in what c．in which d．in that（答案 d．CET－6'95／6．譯文：英國報紙很不尋常，因為它分為截然不同的兩大類：嚴肅報紙和通俗報紙。）Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe ______ it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.a．so that b．but that c．in that d．provided that（答案c．考研'95．譯文：氫是宇宙間最基本的元素，因為它提供生成其它元素的建築模組。）
the instant/the moment
the instant/the moment+從句 ---相當於as soon as "一……（就）"：She must have dashed out the instant I grabbed the phone.她必定是在我一把抓起電話時就奔了出去。You must behave like a guest the instant you set foot on a foreign soil．你一踏上外國國土就得像個客人的樣子。
just as…，so…
just as…，so… ----"正如……一樣，……也……"：Just as you hate Mr Green, so I dislike his wife.就像你憎恨格林先生一樣．我也不喜歡他的妻子。Just as the builder is skilled in the handling of his bricks, ______ the experienced writer is skilled in the handing of his words. a. so b. as c. thus d. like（答案 a．CET．6'93／6．譯文：正如建築工人砌磚技術擁熟一樣，有經驗的作家在用詞作文章上也有高超的技藝。）Just as the soil is part of the earth， the atmosphere．a．as it is b．the same is c．so is d．and so is（答案 c．考研'95．譯文：正如土壤是地球的一部分一樣，大氣層也是地球的一部分。）
know better than（to do）
know better than（to do） ----be wise or experienced enough not to do sth很懂得……不會……／不該（做某事）（根據張道真教授的（現代英語用法詞典）的解釋，than後面的不定式多帶to，但有時可以省略）：You ought to know better than to stay away from school.你應懂得不該逃學．He knew better than to mention the subject to her．他很明智而沒有向她提起這件事。Tom _____ better than to ask Dick for help．a．shall know b．shouldn't know c．has known d．should have known（答案 d．CET－6'91／6．譯文：湯姆應懂得不該向迪克請求幫助。）
less
less ----用在下面成語中：even／much／still less"更不用說，更別提"（用在否定的陳述句之後）：The baby can't even walk，much less run．那嬰兒連走路都不會，更別說跑了。I can't run a hundred yards，even less a mile．我連一百碼都跑不了，更別說跑一英里了。He knows little of mathematics，and of chemistry． a．even more b．still less c．no less d．still more（答案b．考研'91．譯文：他對數學幾乎一竊不通，更別提化學了。）
30、lest ----"唯恐，免得"（從句謂語多用 should，有時可用動詞原形）：They spoke in whispers lest they should be heard．他們低聲交談，生怕別人聽見了。The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it should go wrong on the way．司機認真地檢查了一遍發動機，免得半路上出毛病。
let alone
let alone ----"更別提"（多用於否定句之後，與 even／much／still less的用法基本相同）：I had never seen him, let alone spoken to him.我從未見過他，更談不上同他談話了。The baby can't even walk, let alone run.那嬰兒連走路都不會，更談不上跑了。（注：let alone後面可以跟名詞、動詞不定式或分詞，這取決於它所要強調的部分與前一句中所要對比的那一部分的語法結構，它們必須處於同一語法結構層次。）
most
most ----most可以直接修飾可數名詞複數，名詞前不用冠詞修飾，表示泛指，如 most students"大多數學生"；如果要特指某些學生中的大多數，就要用most of結構，並且名詞前面一般要用定冠詞修飾，如most of the students in my class；注意這樣用時，most前面沒有冠詞，不說 the most of the students。另外，most不能直接與代詞或由物主代詞修飾的名詞連用，不能說most they／most their students或 their most students；而必須用，most of結構，像 most of them，most of her arguments。
some/any
some/any ----與 most的用法類似，可以說 some advice／students；some of the students；some of them；some of his arguments；但不說 some they，some his arguments或some the students。any也適用於這種情況。
all／each
all／each ----與 most／some／any的用法有些區別：all可以直接修飾帶或不帶定冠詞的可數或不可數名詞以及由物主代詞修飾的名詞，如 all（the） work； all（the）students； all my heart；但不能直接放在代詞前面，如不能說 all they，all it；但可以用 all of結構限定代詞，如 all ofthem; all雖不能放在代詞前面修飾代詞，但可以放在代詞後面作代詞的同位語，如We all did it; He helped us all;（但謂語是 be動詞時，all要放在 be後面，如 We are all pleased。）each可以直接修飾不帶冠詞的可數名詞單數，如 each student；但不能直接修飾代詞、由物主代詞或定冠詞修飾的可數名詞單數，如不能說 each they，each his book，each the student；而必須用 each of結構，如 each of them，each of his books，each of the students；但 each可以放在複數名詞或代詞後面，如 The students/They each took a share。
much
much ----much多用於否定句或疑問句中，如 There is not much food in the house。Do you have much difficulty in finding the house？在肯定句中多用plenty of，a lot of，a large quantity of，a good deal of；但當 much作主語的一部分或與how／too／so／as連用時常用在肯定句中，如 Much of what you say is true；You have given me too much。注意下面幾個與much相搭配的習慣說法。
1.not much of a… 一 not a very good…"不是一個很好的……"：It wasn't much of a dinner．
2．"too much of a…（to do sth）"一"太……（而不……）'：He is _____ coward to speak the truth．a．too much of a b．too much a c．o much a d．so much of a（答案 a．考研'89．譯文：他是個十足的膽小鬼，不敢講真話。）
3．"much as十從句"一 although"雖然，儘管"；Much as hate to do it，I must stay home and study tonight．儘管我不喜歡，但是今天晚上我必須呆在家裡學習。
4．"as much as"一"同樣（程度）地"：The atmosphere is as much a part of the earth as ______ its soils and the water of its lakes，rivers and oceans．a．are b．is c．do d． has（答案a．CET．6'90／1．譯文：正如土壤和湖、河和海洋裡的水是地球的一部分一樣，大氣層同樣也是地球的一部分。）Give me as much again．再給我那麼多。
5．not so much as／without so much as一"連……都沒有'：He didn't so much as thank me for returning his money found．我把撿到的錢還給他，他連說聲謝謝都沒有。He left without so much as saying goodbye.他連說聲再見都沒有就走開了。
6．"not so much A as B"一"與其說 A，不如說B"：Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it．與其說各大洋把地球分割開來，還不如說是把地球聯成一個整體。
7．"much less"一（用在否定句後）"更不用說"：I didn't even speak to him, much less discuss your problems with him.我連話都不跟他說，再不用說跟他一起討論你的問題了。
must have done sth
must have done sth ----用於以肯定的語氣推斷過去必定發生了某事（常考句型）：My pain____ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:"Are you feeling all right?" a．must be b．had been c．must have been d．had to be（答案 c．考研'96．譯文：我的疼痛一定很明顯，因為我遇到的第一個人就同情地問我："你不要緊吧？"）
no more than
no more than ----1.用於"no more than+錢數/名詞"，"僅僅，只，只不過"，表示說話者認為太少，不滿意：He gave me no more than＄10．他只給我 10美元。He is no more than a puppet．他只不過是個傀儡。
2."no more…than"；。"not any more than""A像B一樣不……；A和B一樣都不…"：He is no more a god than we are．（或）He is not a god any more than we are．他和我們一樣都不是神。（注：這種表現法是為加強than前面的否定而用的，than後面的文句表面上看是肯定句，起含義實屬否定。一般說來，than後面的文句所陳述的事實是顯而易見的或是常識，以此來襯托說明前面亦染。）再如：He can not effect the impossible any more than we can．不可能的事情我們做不到，他和我們一樣也做不到。The heart is intelligent than the stomach，for they are both controlled by the brain．a．not so b．not much c．much more d．no more（答案 d．考研'94．譯文：心臟和胃一樣都沒有智力，它們都是由大腦控制的。）與 no more… than意思相反的結構是 no less…than"不亞於，與……同樣好"：Sunlight is ______ necessary than fresh air to a healthy condition of body．a．less b．no less much d．no more（答案 b．譯文：陽光與新鮮空氣一樣對維持身體健康同樣必要。）
no other than／none other than
no other than／none other than ----用於強調，表示驚奇，"不是別人而正是……"：The stranger was none other than my old friend John.那位陌生人不是別人，正是我的老朋友約翰。（注：none other than用在以人作主語的句子中，no other than主要用在It is…的強調句中，但none other than也可用在強調句中。）如：It is no other than/none other than old Mr．Smith．那正是史密斯老先生。
not that…，but that…
not that…，but that… ----"並非因為…，而是因為…"：Not that John doesn't want to help you, but that it's beyond his power.並非約翰不願意幫助你，而是因為他無能為力。
not just…，but rather
not just…，but rather ----"不僅僅…而主要是…"：Everyone works several hours each day． The aim is not just to keep busy but rather to find meaning and enjoyment in work．人人每天都工作幾小時，其目的不僅僅是為了不閒著，而是為了在工作中找到生活的意義和快樂。
now that…
now that… ----"既然，由於"： ____ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work. a．For now b．Now that c．Ever since d．By now（答案 b．CET－4'90／1．譯文：既然我們已完成功課，我們就開始再做些複習吧。）＿ we have all the materials ready，we should begin the new task at once．a．Since that b．Since now c．By now d．Now that（答案 d．考研 89．譯文：既然我們已備齊了材料，我們就立刻開始新的任務吧。）（注：nowthat引導的從句所陳述的必須是現在的事實或已經發生的事實；若尚未發生，需改用 since／as引導，如不能說 Now that he won't come，let's have our meeting now，而必須將這句話中的 now that改為 since／as才可以。now that的考試頻度也很大。）
on／upon
on／upon ----1．"on十動名詞（或表示動作意義的名詞）"，該結構表示此動作一發生，句子謂語的動作就接著發生，可譯為"-……（就……）"：_____ my return, I learned that Prof. Smith had been at the museum and would not be back for several hours．a．At b．On c．With d．During（答案b．考研'91．譯文：我一回來，就聽說史密斯教授去博物館了，幾個小時以後才回來。）2．"on+（表示動作意義的）名詞"，這一結構所表達的意思相當於與該名詞同源的動詞的現在分詞，表示"正在……"（注意名詞前要用定冠詞，一般來說與這種名詞同源的動詞是不及物動詞）：The production is on the decline（一 declining）．生產在下降。常見的與 on搭配的名詞有： on the increase; on the decrease; on the run; on the rise; on the boil; on the move; on the watch等。
only
only ----1．"only too十形容詞（或過去分詞）"（＝very），表所"非常"：I shall be only too pleased to come．能來我非常高興。The news was only too true.這訊息太好了（不可能是真的）。與only too搭配的形容詞常見的有：pleased/ready／willing／glad／happy等。
2．"if only"引導虛擬條件句，表示"但願，要是……就好了"：If only he would stop talking!他要是停止說話就好了！If only I had followed your advice!我要是聽你的話就好了！
3."only that"（=but that）"只是，要不是"：I would do it with pleasure, only (that) I am too busy.
4."only to-V"用在謂語動詞後，表示後來發生了事先沒有料到的事情（這一用法也常考）：After twenty years abroad, William came back only to find his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake. We rushed to the airport only to find the plane flying away.
5."not only…but also""不僅…而且"(not only放在句首時需要用倒裝句；另外要注意not only…but also引導的成分要對等)：Not only did he speak more correctly, but (also) he spoke more easily.
rather
rather ---- 1."would/had rather…than"或"rather than…would"表示"寧願…而不願"：She would rather have the small one than the large one. He would rather be liked than (be) feared. Rather than refuse to help you, I'd borrow money from my bank. We ourselves would rather have left on the 8th, but we didn't leave till the 12th. I'd rather you ______ those important documents with you. A. not take b. don't take c. won't take d. didn't take (答案d. CET-6'93/6.)(注：如果would rather只涉及主語的選擇或愛好時，後面可直接跟動詞原形或不定式完成式；than前後連線的兩個成分要對等，可以是不定式或名詞；would rather後面動詞的施動者若不是句子主語本身而是另一個人時，後面需用從句，從句謂語用虛擬語氣，即用一般過去時表示與現在的事實相反或很難實現的願望；用過去完成時表示與已經發生的事實相反的願望。在托福考試中，從句謂語還可以用動詞原形，用動詞原形僅僅表示一種願望，如：We would rather that he take this train．我們倒希望他乘這趟火車走。)
2．"rather than"或"rather…than""是……而不是……；應……而不應……;寧願……而不願……：He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction．He ran rather walked．This is rather for father to decide than for you．We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style． a．rather than b．other than c．better than d．less than（答案 a．考研'95．）Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _____ harm them. A. more than b. other than c. rather than d. better than（答案c. CET－4'93／6．譯文：發展核科學應造福於人民而不是有害於人民。）
3．"or rather""更確切些說"（用於更正前面說的話）：He arrived very late last night，or rather in the early hours this morning.他昨天很晚．更確切些說是今天凌晨才到達。
same
same（adj．）----"同樣的，相同的" the same…that／as""和……一樣"（注：that和 as都可以引導定語從句，有時可以換用；但如果從句省略了謂語動詞時則只能用as而不能用that。如果定語從句修飾的是人、時間和地點時，連詞 that還可以用 who／when/where(代替)：He uses the same books that/as you do/as you.他用的書和你用的一樣。Put the book back in the same place where you found it．你在哪裡發現的這本書，還把它放回原地。The price is the same as before the war.物價與戰前一樣。（這裡的as不能換用that）
say
say（vt.）---- l．"sb／sth is said to have done sth"＝It's said that sb/sth has done sth or did sth."據說某人／某物做了某事"（注："be said to十不定式完成式"表示這個動作在謂語動詞的動作發生之前已經完成，不定式完成也可以用被動態。這是常考句型。）：The building is said _____ (destroy) in a fire two years ago.（考研'81．答案：由時間狀語 two years ago可以判定destroy的動作發生在謂語動作之前，又由於大樓是被燒燬的，所以應用不定式完成式被動態，因此應把destroy變為 to have been destroyed）
2．"to say nothing of"---（用在肯定句後）"更不用說，還不說"：The effort required is immense，to say nothing of the cost．要求付出的努力是巨大的，更不用說花費了。
so
so ---1．"not so十形容詞／副詞十as"：It was not so easy as all that.並不那麼容易。It did not take so long as he had feared.並不像他害怕的那樣費那麼長時間。He was not so much angry as disappointed．他很生氣，但更失望。
2．so十形容詞十可數名詞單數：I've never seen so beautiful child．我從未見過這樣英俊的孩子。（注：該句型相當於 such a十形十名詞，但比後者更文氣些。）
3．"so十形容詞+as＋to-V"：Would you be so kind as to help me？勞駕幫幫忙好嗎？We'11 be much obliged if you will be so kind suggestions for improvement of our work. a．to make b．as making c．making d．as to make（答案 d．譯文：如果你能提出改進我們工作的建議，我們將非常感激。）He is not so stupid as to do that．他不會傻到竟然去做那種事情。
4. "not so much as"---"連……都沒有"：He didn't so much as ask me to sit down．他竟然連請我坐下都沒有。
5．so as to --- 以便：I will have everything ready so as not to keep you waiting.我很快就將一切準備好了，以便不讓你久等。so用在肯定的陳述句之後引導倒裝省略句，表示"也同樣：John had been working hard and so had his brother．約翰一直很用功，他弟弟也是這樣。
something of a…
something of a… ---"可說是個；某種程度上的"（語氣上多少帶點貶義）：He's something of a liar，don't you think？他不太老實，你說不是嗎？I'm something of a carpenter．我能做些木工活。
soon
soon ----1. no sooner…than --- 一……就；剛…便（注：no sooner放在句首時需要用倒裝語句，這是常考句型）：No sooner had we reached the top of the hill ___＿ we all sat down to rest．a．when b．then c．than d．until(答案c．CET4'91/6．譯文：我們一到達山頂就坐下來休息了。)
2."would (just) as soon…(as)" ---"寧願"： I would (just) as soon stay at home (as go for a walk).我倒寧願呆在家裡。I'd just as soon ______ rudely to her a. that you won't speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didn't speak（答案d．考研'81．譯文：我倒希望你不要對她說話不禮貌。）（注：would just as soon後面的從句謂語需用虛擬語氣一般過去時。）
3."would sooner…than" --- "寧願…而不願"：He would sooner resign than take part in such dishonest business deals.他寧肯辭職而不願參與這類不誠實的交易。
such
such --- "這樣的，這種的；那麼的，如此程度的"：such people as these; people such as these像這樣的一類人；such poets as Keats and Shelley; poets such as Keats and Shelley像基茨和雪萊那樣的詩人（注：such as用於舉例時後面不能再用 etc．／and so on之類的詞語，如不能說such as Keats and Shelley，etc．）"such as to＋inf．／such（…）that""這樣的……以致／以便"：Your stupidity is such as to fill me with despair．你是這樣的愚鈍，使我很失望。His illness is not such as to cause anxiety．他的病還沒有嚴重到引起憂慮的程度。He never hesitates to make such criticisms as are considered helpful to others．他從不猶豫提出對別人有益的批評。It wasn't such a good dinner _____ she had promised us. a. that b. which c. as d. what（答案。CET4'90／1．譯文：那並不是她曾答應我們的那樣一頓美餐。）（注：在上面兩句中 as是關係代詞。）His behavior was such／Such was his behavior that everyone disliked him．他的行為如此糟糕，大家都不喜歡他。"such as it is／as they are"---"儘管不怎麼樣（質量不高或價值不大）"：You can use my bicycle，such as it is．你可以用我的自行車，雖然不太好。Jane told her grandmother her grades, such as they were.簡把她的成績告訴了她奶奶，雖然成績不怎麼好。"as such"---（指前面剛剛提到的）"作為這樣一個人／物"，such作代詞：He is a child，and must be treated as such．他是個孩子，必須作為孩子對待他。He is the master and as such must be obeyed．他是主人，因此必須服從他。
than
than ----後面可以跟一個省略主語而只保留系詞和表語的省略句，這種句式常考：We often advise him not to drink more wine _____ is good for his health． a．as b．but c．that d．than（答案d．CET6'93／6．譯文：我們常常勸告他喝酒不要超過有益於身體健康的程度。（than後面省略了 it）（注：1995年6月的六級題中也有一道類似的題。）The protect requires more labour than because it is extremely difficult． a．has been put in b. have been put in c. being put in d. to be put in（答案a.考研'92．譯文：此項工程要求投入的比已經投入的更多的勞動，因為工程極其困難。）（這裡than後面省略了what）There were more casualties than was reported（＝than it was reported there were）．實際傷亡人數要比報道的多。There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than in the public mind today． a．exists b．exist c．existing d．existed（答案a．考研'95．譯文：對於當今存在於公眾頭腦中的可能會得癌症的憂慮應當減少。）（這裡than後面可看作是省略了what。）
that
that ---1．作為代詞，為避免重複，代替前面提到過的特指不可數名詞：By 1990，production in the area is expected to double _____ of 1980. a．that b．it c．one d．what（答案a．CET－6'90／1．譯文：到1990年該地區的產量可望比1980年翻一番。）（這裡that代替前面的名詞 the production。）The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half ______. a．of last year's b．those of last year's c．of those of last year d. that of last year's（答案d．考研'96．譯文：已登記參加今年馬拉松賽的人數比去年少了一半.）（這裡 that代替 the number。）
2．作關係代詞引導定語從句：在由形容詞最高階／the only／the same／any／every／no等修飾的名詞後面的定語從句和在any thing/nothing／every everything／much／all等後面的定語從句，多用關係代詞that而不用 which或 who：Newton was one of the greatest men that ever lived．牛頓是有史以來最偉大的人物之一。He is the only man that can do it．他是惟一能做此事的人。She wore the same dress that she did at Mary's wedding.她穿著在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一件衣服。Any boy that wants to play can do so．任何想玩（遊戲）的孩子都可以玩。I never have taken anything that didn't belong to me．我從未拿過任何不屬於我的東西。He had nothing left that he could pawn．他再也沒有什麼可以典當的東西了。He had read without discrimination everything that he happened to come across.他不加選擇地讀了他所能得到的一切書。Much that have read has been nonsense．我讀過的不少東西都是無聊的廢話。Once they had fain， fortune，secure futures； _____ is utter poverty. A. now that all is left b．now all which is left c. now all that is left d. now all what is left(答案c. CET6 '91/6.譯文：他們曾有過名氣、富貴、可靠的未來，而現在所剩下的一切就只有赤貧了。)All is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life． a．what is needed b．for our needs c．the thing needed d．hat is needed（答案 d．CET4'90／1．譯文：現在所需要的就是不斷提供最基本的生活必須品。）
3．作連詞引導主語從句（注：that引導的主語從句一般後置，用形式主語it代替，但特別要注意放在句首的主語從句的用法）： ____ is the center of our planetary system was a difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages. a．That the sun and not the earth b．Being the sun and not the earth c．It is the sun and not the earth d．The sun and not the earth（答案a．CET6'93／6．譯文：是太陽而不是地球是我們星系的中心這一概念在中世紀是難以理解的。）
4．作連詞引導目的、結果、程度狀語從句：They have died that liberty might live．他們犧牲了為的是自由可以生存。（作目的狀語，此處實際上是省略了 so）What was the matter with the fellow that he looked o happy？那人怎麼了，他顯得這麼高興？（結果狀語）He was so embarrassed that he could not speak to her．他是那麼地窘迫，他對她說不出話來。（程度狀語）
5．作副詞修飾形容詞或別的副詞，表示"那麼，那樣，這麼"，有時前面再用all加以強調，如 （all）that far，that good，that clever，that careless，that much，that high，that angry，that ill，that well等等（這一用法也常考）：I won't pay $20 for the coat； It's not worth _______. a．all that much b．that much all．that all much d．much all that（答案 a．考研'88．譯文：我不會花 20美元去買那件大衣，它決不值那麼多錢。）After having gone _____ far，George did not want to turn back． a．enough b．much c．such d．that（答案 d．考研'92．譯文：喬治已經走了那麼遠了，不願意再折回了。）
6．用於連詞短語"in that"中，表示"因為"和複合連詞"now that"中，請參見上面相應的詞條。
under
under十名詞 ----（注：這個名詞須是表示動作意義的名詞，前面不用冠詞，這個結構相當於與該名詞同源的及物動詞的進行式被動態，under repair－being repaired ； under discussion＝being discussed；under criticism＝being criticized等等，The survival of civilization as we know it is _____ threat. a．within b．towards c．under d．upon（答案 c．CET4'95／6．譯文：我們所熟知的文明的生存正在受到威脅。）其它這類短語還有：under construction"在建設中"；under fire"遭到炮火射擊"；（或）"受到批評"；under examination"受到審查"；under control"受到控制"；under suspicion"受到懷疑"；under detention"在拘留中"；under consideration"在考慮中"; under study"在研究中"；under review"在審查中"；under investigation"在調查中'等等。
used to (do)與be used to (sth)的區別
used to (do)與be used to (sth)的區別：used to（do）----這裡的 used只用過去時，表示"過去常常……（但現在已不這樣了）"；否定式是used not（或縮合式use(d)n't,也可以用didn't use(d)；疑問句可用Used (sb) to do或Did (sb) use to do…？：I used to write poetry myself when I was his age.我在他那個年齡時常愛寫詩。They used to play golf，didn't／use（d）n't they？他們過去常愛打高爾夫球，是不是？She didn't use(d) to do it, did/used she？她過去不常做這個，對吧？Used you to know him/Did you use to know him?你過去對他熟悉嗎？There used to be some trees in this field，use（d）n't／didn't there？過去這塊農田裡有一些樹，是不是？（比較下面兩句的差異：①I Don't swim as much as I used to.我現在不如過去那麼經常游泳廠。 (2) Life isn't so easy here as it used to be．現在這裡的生活不如過去容易。（注：①句的主動詞是行為動詞 swim，省略句中只保留不定式符號to，省略掉動詞swim及所帶成分，而 (2)句的主動詞是系詞be，在省略句中只能省略be後面的表請部分,be不能省略，這一點要注意。）be／get used to（doing）sth ---"習慣於……"（注：這裡的 to是介詞，不是不定式符號）：He's quite used to hard work／to working hard．他習慣於勤奮工作。You will soon _____ this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you. a. get used to b. get to c. get over d. get on with（答案 a．考研'84．譯文：你不久就可以適應這裡的氣候了,那時溫度的變化就不會對你造成影響了。）
what
what ----引導名詞從句，可以作主語、賓語和表語（這也是常考句型）：In some countries, _____ is called equality does not really mean equal rights for all people．a．which b. one c．that d．what（答案d．CET4'95／6．譯文：在有些國家，所謂的"平等"並不真正意味著所有人都享有平等的權利。（what名詞從句作主語。）Physics is the present-day equivalent of used to be called natural philosophy，from which most of present－day science arose． a．that b．what c．all d. which（答案 b．CET6'93／6．譯文：物理學是過去通常被稱作自然哲學的當今的對應詞，大部分當今的自然科學均產生於此。）（what名詞從句作介詞賓語。）Water will continue to be ____ it is today ---next in importance to oxygen． a．how b．which c．as d．what（答案d．考研'92．譯文：水將繼續是今天的樣子，其重要性僅次於氧氣。）（what名詞從句作表語。）
whether
whether ----引導間接疑問句或帶to不定式作賓語；引導從句時，如果不發生誤解，口語中可與if換用，但若從句放在句首或作介詞賓語時，不能換用if；引導不定式時也不能換用if；若與or連用引導兩個間接疑問句時， or後面需重複 whether；whether引導的從句除作賓語外，還可作主語、表語、同位語和讓步狀語：I don't know whether／if you like flowers．我不知道你是否喜歡鮮花。This is certainly the case but whether it is a defect or not I don't quite know.情況當然是這樣，但這是不是一個缺陷，我不太清楚。（此句不能換用價 It all depends on whether we can get their co-operation．這完全取決於我們能否得到他們的合作。（不能換用if）I don't know whether to accept or refuse．我不知道該接受或是該拒絕。（不能換用if，第二個不定式符號 to可以省略）I wonder whether we shall be in time for the last bus or whether we shall have to walk home．不知道我們是否可以趕上最後一趟公共汽車，或者我們將不得不步行回家。（這是兩個並列從句，or後需重複 whether）Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen．這到底對我們有害處或是有好處，尚有待觀察。（作主語）His firs question was whether Holmes had arrived yet．他的第一個問題就是赫爾姆斯是否已到達。（作表語）She was in bitter doubt whether she was right．她非常懷疑她是否對。（作同位語） Whether we go or whether we stay，the result is the same.不論我們是走還是留，結果都是一樣的。（作狀語）Whether from bravery or stubbornness，they did not give in．不管是出於勇敢還是由於頑固，他們沒有屈服。（作狀語）
with
with十複合結構 ---- With後面可跟帶現在分詞、過去分詞方。不定式和介詞短語等各種複合結構，有時稱為 with獨立結構，作狀語，表示原因、方式或伴隨狀態：I won't be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill．由於我母親有病，我將不能去度假。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.他鎖門閉戶在家整整工作了一個下午。I can't go out with all These dishes to wash．我有這麼多碗碟要洗，我出去不了啦。He was asleep with his head on his arms．他在那裡睡著了，頭枕在雙臂上。With John away，we've got more room．約翰不在家，我們就寬鬆多了。
worth
worth ----作形容詞，可表示"值…錢，相當於……價值的"；"值得……的"（注：worth作形容詞只用於作表語，它後面跟動名詞形式實際相當於該動詞的被動態）：It's not worth more than two pounds．它最多值兩英鎊。The book is well worth reading．這本書很值得一讀。As your instructor advised，you ought to spend your time on something ______ researching into． a. precious b. worth c. worthy d. valuable（答案 b．考研'94．譯文：正大你的老師建議的那樣，你應該把時間花在值得進行研究的東西上。）
worthwhile
worthwhile ----"值得（花時間）做的，有價值的"：a worthwhile experiment值得做的實驗；The visit to Pairs was worthwhile．到巴黎的參觀是值得的。The effort seemed worthwhile to French decision－makers．這種努力對法國的決策者們來說似乎是值得的。They did not find ______ to prepare for the worst conditions they might meet． a．worth their while b．it worthwhile c. it worth d. it worthy（答案 b．考研'84．譯文：他們認為不值得為他們可能會遇到的最壞情況作準備。）（注：worthwhile還可以分開寫成 worth while，分開寫時後面可跟不定式或動名詞：It's not worth while to lose/losing your temper.不值得生氣。）
worthy of
worthy of ----"值得的，配得上的"；"有優點的，值得尊敬的"（注：worthy可以作定語修飾名詞；作表語，後面多跟of；但根據張道真的（現代英語用法詞典）P．546所引例句，後面還可跟不定式）：live a worthy life過有意義的生活；a most worthy young man一位非常有出息的年輕人；the worthy poor值得尊敬的窮人；a worthy winner配得上的勝利者；He is a teacher worthy of great respect．他是個非常值得尊敬的老師。She is not worthy to talk to a man like you．她不配與你這樣的人談話。（注：要注意worth、worthy和worthwhile三詞的具體含義和習慣搭配，它們的考試頻度較大。）
動名詞的用法
1．只能跟動名詞作賓語的常見動詞有：suggest，finish，avoid、mind，enjoy，quit，postpone，delay，practise，fancy，imagine，consider，deny，escape，miss，risk，confess（to），admit（to），appreciate，involve，favour，save，resent，survive等。見下例：
(1)He avoided giving us a definite answer．
(2)I enjoy working with you．
(3)Would you mind filling out this form？
(4)I appreciate ______ to your home．
a．to be invited b．to have invited
c．having invited d．being invited（答案 d．CET4'91／6．）（注：want，need，require， deserve，demand等屬另一類動詞，如果以事物作主語時表示"需要"，後面要求跟動名詞，這種動名詞在 形式上是主動態，實際上表達的是被動態的意思。）見下例：
(5)The floor requires washing．
(6) Your hair wants cutting．
(7)The garden needs watering．（注：need後面既可以跟動名詞，也可以跟不定式被動態，表達的意思相 同，如 The garden needs to be watered．）另外，advise，recommend，allow，permit，forbid等動 詞後面既可以直接跟動名詞作賓語（如 advise starting early tomorrow），也可以跟帶不定式的複合 結構（如 advise sb to do sth）。見下例：
(8)The teacher doesn't permit ______ in class．
a．smoke b．to smoke c．smoking d．to have a smoke（答案 c．CET4'91/6．）（注：如果 permit後 面需跟以人作賓語的詞，就需將該句改為：The teacher doesn't permit anybody to smoke in class． ）
(9)I recommend (your) buying/you to buy this dictionary.（可以使用由物主代詞限定的動名詞作賓語 ）
2．要求跟動名詞作賓語的短語動詞和成語很多，常見的有：amount to"意味著，等於是說"；feel like"很想"；go on"繼續"；aim at"旨在"；keep on"繼續"；set about"開始，著手"；insist on"堅持要"；succeed in"成功地做……"；persist in"堅持（做）"；dream of"夢想"；object to"反對"； approve of"贊成"； refrain from"剋制不做"；look forward to"期待著"；depend on"依賴於"；give up"放棄"；see to"處理，負責（做）"；fall to"開始（做）"；leave off"停下"；take to"變得喜歡"；put off"推遲"；participate in"參加"；come close to"幾乎，差點"； join ill"參加"；suspect sb of"懷疑某人……"；excuse sb from"原諒某人……"； accuse sb of"指控某人……"；excuse sb from"允許某人不做…"；change sb with"控告某人……"；spend time…"花時間做……"；when it comes to…"至於，談到"；waste time…"做……是浪費時間"；set one's heart/mind on…"決意要……"。見下例：
(1)He insisted on doing it in his own way．
(2)I've been looking forward to coming to China for a long time．
(3)The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court．a．objected to having b．were objected to have c．objected to have d．were objected to having（答案 a．CET4'91／6．object為不及物動詞，後面要求跟介詞to十名詞或動名詞，不能跟不 定式，也沒有被動態。）
(4)My father has taken to playing the golf at the weekends．
3．後面要求限動名詞的形容詞／過去分詞十介詞結構，常見的有：fond of"喜愛"；good at"擅長於"；sick of"厭煩"；proud of"為……感到驕傲"；keen on"熱望於"；responsible for"對……負責"； capable of"能夠"； afraid of"害怕"；thirsty for"渴望"； tired of"對……厭煩"；interested in"對……感興趣"；ashamed of"自慚於"；engaged in"忙於"；opposed to反對；accustomed to"習慣於"；given to"喜歡，常愛"；reduced to"到了……境地"；bent on"一心要"；get used to"習慣於"。見下例：
(1)They are all opposed to putting the meeting off．
(2)I am proud of being a member of the Chinese Communist Party．
(3)Is there any place you're particularly keen on visiting?
(4)Who is responsible for organizing the excursion？
虛擬語氣的用法
句子謂語需用動詞原形的情況
虛擬語氣考試的頻度非常大。虛擬語氣主要分為兩大類：謂語使用動詞原形的情況及使用過去時或過去 完成時的情況。
1．句子謂語需用動詞原形的情況
1）英語中有些表示願望、建議、命令、要求的動詞的賓語從句的謂語需用
should十動詞原形， 美國英語多用動詞原形，英國英語可用動詞原形或用 should十動詞原形兩種形式。
這些常用動詞包括：suggest，propose，recommend，order，demand command request，require，insist，desire，ask，
urge，advise，move（提動議），prefer，determine，resolve，decide，vote，arrange.
這些動詞變為被動態時，從句謂語仍需用虛擬式。見下例：
(1)Mary insisted that John come．
(2)We desire that the tour leader _____ us immediately of any change in plans．
a. inform b. informs c．informed d．has informed（答案a．CET4'93/6.）
(3)Congress has decided that the present law be maintained．
(4)My father did not go to New York ； the doctor suggested that he _____ there．
a. not go b. hadn't gone c. not to go d. wouldn't go（答案a．CET6）
(5)They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately.
(6)They requested that we（should）send a delegation to their country．
(7)We prefer that the plan should be fully discussed before being put into execution．
（注： prefer的賓語從句謂語多用 should十動詞原形，也可直接用動詞原形。）
(8)It is recommended that the project _____ until all the preparations have been made.
a．not be started b．will not be started
c．Is not started d．Is not to be started （答案a.CET4'95／6．）
(9)It was arranged that they leave the following week．
(10) It is。quested．that John（should）give a performance at the party．
與這些動詞同源的名詞的同位語從句或表語從句的謂語動詞也需用虛擬語氣。
與這些動詞相應的名詞有： suggestion／proposal／recommendation／order／demand／
request／requirement／insistence／desire／ advice／motion（動 議）／determination／
resolution／decision/preference／arrangement等。見下例：
(1)He gave orders that the work（should）be started at once．
(2)Everyone was tired，so Bill got up and made a motion that the meeting be adjourned．
(3)Presently he made the suggestion that they carry on their conversation in French．
2）在一些形容詞後面的從句謂語需用虛擬語氣。
英語中有些表示必要性、重要性、願望、建議、驚異、遺憾、要求等意思的形容詞，
在 It is十形容詞十 that從句結構中，從句謂語需用虛擬式。
這些常用的形容詞有：necessary／important／vital／essential／
imperative/urgent/appropriate/preferable/
natural/strange/amazing/desirable/advisable/incredible；
以及以人作主語的形容詞 desirous/insistent/sorry/sad/surprised等和名詞pity／necessity／importance
等的同位語從句。見下例：
(1)It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at once．
(2)It is important that we unite with all that can be united In the struggle．
(3)t was essential that the application forms back before the deadline．
a．must be sent b． would be sent c．be sent d．were sent（答案 c．CET4'90／1．）
(4)It is highly desirable that every effort be made to reduce expenditure．
(5)It is a great pity that he should be so conceited．
(6)It is a burning shame that little children should have to beg In street．
(7)It is of the utmost importance that you _____ here on time．
a．be b．shall be c．are to be d．must be（答案 a．CET6'95／6．）
(8)The president is strongly desirous that you should attend the meeting．
從句謂語需用過去時或過去完成時的情況
2．從句謂語需用過去時或過去完成時的情況
1）從句謂語用一般過去時的情況。
（1）It is（high）time sb did／was doing sth．
在這個句式中，從句謂語只能用一般過去時或過去進行時。見下例：
(1)It's time you went to bed．
(2)It's time we were setting out．Its time they were taught a lesson．
(3)It's time about the traffic problem down town．
a．nothing to be done b．anything will be done
c．everything is done d．something was done（答案 d．CET－6'93／6）
（2）would sooner/would (just) as soon（從句謂語多用一般過去時）
（would sooner = would prefer； would as soon = would be equally willing）見下例：
(1)I could go myself but I would sooner you went．
(2)I would just as soon you didn't go there．
2）從句謂語可用一般過去時和過去完成時。
（1）wish
wish表示的願望往往與現在或過去的事實相反，或者是很難實現的願望，因此其賓語從句的謂語要求用虛擬語氣，有以下三種情況：
若表示的願望與說話時存在的事實相反，賓語從句謂語用一般過去時，be動詞多用were.
若表示的願望是指未來，賓語從句謂語多用could/would/might do/be。
若表