概述

分散式系統中，有一些需要使用全域性唯一ID的場景，這種時候為了防止ID衝突可以使用36位的UUID，但是UUID有一些缺點，首先他相對比較長，另外UUID一般是無序的。

有些時候我們希望能使用一種簡單一些的ID，並且希望ID能夠按照時間有序生成。

而twitter的snowflake解決了這種需求，最初Twitter把儲存系統從MySQL遷移到Cassandra，因為Cassandra沒有順序ID生成機制，所以開發了這樣一套全域性唯一ID生成服務。

結構

snowflake的結構如下(每部分用-分開):

0 - 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0 - 00000 - 00000 - 000000000000

第一位為未使用，接下來的41位為毫秒級時間(41位的長度可以使用69年)，然後是5位datacenterId和5位workerId(10位的長度最多支援部署1024個節點） ，最後12位是毫秒內的計數（12位的計數順序號支援每個節點每毫秒產生4096個ID序號）

一共加起來剛好64位，為一個Long型。(轉換成字串長度為18)

snowflake生成的ID整體上按照時間自增排序，並且整個分散式系統內不會產生ID碰撞（由datacenter和workerId作區分），並且效率較高。據說：snowflake每秒能夠產生26萬個ID。

/** Snowflake */
public class IdWorker {
 
  private final long twepoch = 1288834974657L;
  private final long workerIdBits = 5L;
  private final long datacenterIdBits = 5L;
  private final long maxWorkerId = -1L ^ (-1L << workerIdBits);
  private final long maxDatacenterId = -1L ^ (-1L << datacenterIdBits);
  private final long sequenceBits = 12L;
  private final long workerIdShift = sequenceBits;
  private final long datacenterIdShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits;
  private final long timestampLeftShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits + datacenterIdBits;
  private final long sequenceMask = -1L ^ (-1L << sequenceBits);
 
  private long workerId;
  private long datacenterId;
  private long sequence = 0L;
  private long lastTimestamp = -1L;
 
  public IdWorker(long workerId, long datacenterId) {
    if (workerId > maxWorkerId || workerId < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("worker Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", maxWorkerId));
    }
    if (datacenterId > maxDatacenterId || datacenterId < 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("datacenter Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", maxDatacenterId));
    }
    this.workerId = workerId;
    this.datacenterId = datacenterId;
  }
 
  public synchronized long nextId() {
    long timestamp = timeGen();
    if (timestamp < lastTimestamp) {
      throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Clock moved backwards.  Refusing to generate id for %d milliseconds", lastTimestamp - timestamp));
    }
    if (lastTimestamp == timestamp) {
      sequence = (sequence + 1) & sequenceMask;
      if (sequence == 0) {
        timestamp = tilNextMillis(lastTimestamp);
      }
    } else {
      sequence = 0L;
    }
 
    lastTimestamp = timestamp;
 
    return ((timestamp - twepoch) << timestampLeftShift) | (datacenterId << datacenterIdShift) | (workerId << workerIdShift) | sequence;
  }
 
  protected long tilNextMillis(long lastTimestamp) {
    long timestamp = timeGen();
    while (timestamp <= lastTimestamp) {
      timestamp = timeGen();
    }
    return timestamp;
  }
 
  protected long timeGen() {
    return System.currentTimeMillis();
  }
 
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    IdWorker idWorker = new IdWorker(0, 0);
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
      long id = idWorker.nextId();
      System.out.println(id);
    }
  }
}