JUnit5編寫基本測試

JUnit5的測試不是通過名稱，而是通過註解來標識的。

測試類與方法

Test Class：測試類，必須包含至少一個test方法，包括：

• 最外層的class
• static member class
• @Nested class

Test Method：測試方法，包括：

• @Test
• @RepeatedTest
• @ParameterizedTest
• @TestFactory
• @TestTemplate

Lifecycle Method：生命週期方法，包括：

• @BeforeAll
• @AfterAll
• @BeforeEach
• @AfterEach

注意：

1. Test Method和Lifecycle Method不能是abstract，也不能return。它們可以在當前測試類中宣告，也可以繼承自父類或介面。
2. Test class、Test Method和Lifecycle Method都不能是private。

示例程式碼：

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.fail;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeTrue;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterAll;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeAll;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

class StandardTests {

    @BeforeAll

    static void initAll() {

    }

    @BeforeEach

    void init() {

    }

    @Test

    void succeedingTest() {

    }

    @Test

    void failingTest() {

        fail("a failing test");

    }

    @Test

    @Disabled("for demonstration purposes")

    void skippedTest() {

        // not executed

    }

    @Test

    void abortedTest() {

        assumeTrue("abc".contains("Z"));

        fail("test should have been aborted");

    }

    @AfterEach

    void tearDown() {

    }

    @AfterAll

    static void tearDownAll() {

    }

}

自定義顯示名字

Test class和test method可以使用@DisplayName自定義在測試報告中的顯示名字，支援空格、特殊字元和emoji表情符號。

示例：

import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

@DisplayName("A special test case")

class DisplayNameDemo {

    @Test

    @DisplayName("Custom test name containing spaces")

    void testWithDisplayNameContainingSpaces() {

    }

    @Test

    @DisplayName("╯°□°）╯")

    void testWithDisplayNameContainingSpecialCharacters() {

    }

    @Test

    @DisplayName("")

    void testWithDisplayNameContainingEmoji() {

    }

}

除了@DisplayName，@DisplayNameGeneration 註解能用來對顯示名字做統一處理，JUnit Jupiter自帶了一些生成器：

• Standard 匹配標準行為
• Simple 刪除沒有引數的方法後面的括號
• ReplaceUnderscores 用空格替換下劃線
• IndicativeSentences 把test class和test method名字連線起來

示例程式碼：

import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayNameGeneration;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayNameGenerator;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.IndicativeSentencesGeneration;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Nested;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

import org.junit.jupiter.params.ParameterizedTest;

import org.junit.jupiter.params.provider.ValueSource;

class DisplayNameGeneratorDemo {

    @Nested

    @DisplayNameGeneration(DisplayNameGenerator.ReplaceUnderscores.class)

    class A_year_is_not_supported {

        @Test

        void if_it_is_zero() {

        }

        @DisplayName("A negative value for year is not supported by the leap year computation.")

        @ParameterizedTest(name = "For example, year {0} is not supported.")

        @ValueSource(ints = { -1, -4 })

        void if_it_is_negative(int year) {

        }

    }

    @Nested

    @IndicativeSentencesGeneration(separator = " -> ", generator = DisplayNameGenerator.ReplaceUnderscores.class)

    class A_year_is_a_leap_year {

        @Test

        void if_it_is_divisible_by_4_but_not_by_100() {

        }

        @ParameterizedTest(name = "Year {0} is a leap year.")

        @ValueSource(ints = { 2016, 2020, 2048 })

        void if_it_is_one_of_the_following_years(int year) {

        }

    }

}

@IndicativeSentencesGeneration可以自定義separator和generator。

結果：

+-- DisplayNameGeneratorDemo [OK]

  +-- A year is not supported [OK]

  | +-- A negative value for year is not supported by the leap year computation. [OK]

  | | +-- For example, year -1 is not supported. [OK]

  | | '-- For example, year -4 is not supported. [OK]

  | '-- if it is zero() [OK]

  '-- A year is a leap year [OK]

    +-- A year is a leap year -> if it is divisible by 4 but not by 100. [OK]

    '-- A year is a leap year -> if it is one of the following years. [OK]

      +-- Year 2016 is a leap year. [OK]

      +-- Year 2020 is a leap year. [OK]

      '-- Year 2048 is a leap year. [OK]

除了註解，也能通過配置設定全域性的預設Generator，比如在 src/test/resources/junit-platform.properties檔案中：

junit.jupiter.displayname.generator.default = \

    org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayNameGenerator$ReplaceUnderscores

既可以指定現有Generator，也可以指定實現了DisplayNameGenerator介面的類。

自定義顯示名字的優先順序是：

1. @DisplayName
2. @DisplayNameGeneration
3. junit.jupiter.displayname.generator.default
4. org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayNameGenerator.Standard

斷言（Assertions）

JUnit5的斷言是包含在org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions中的靜態方法，比如assertTrue、assertEquals、assertNotNull、assertAll、assertThrows、assertTimeout、assertTimeoutPreemptively等。

示例程式碼如下：

import static java.time.Duration.ofMillis;

import static java.time.Duration.ofMinutes;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertAll;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTimeout;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTimeoutPreemptively;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;

import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;

import example.domain.Person;

import example.util.Calculator;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

class AssertionsDemo {

    private final Calculator calculator = new Calculator();

    private final Person person = new Person("Jane", "Doe");

    @Test

    void standardAssertions() {

        assertEquals(2, calculator.add(1, 1));

        assertEquals(4, calculator.multiply(2, 2),

                "The optional failure message is now the last parameter");

        assertTrue('a' < 'b', () -> "Assertion messages can be lazily evaluated -- "

                + "to avoid constructing complex messages unnecessarily.");

    }

    @Test

    void groupedAssertions() {

        // In a grouped assertion all assertions are executed, and all

        // failures will be reported together.

        assertAll("person",

            () -> assertEquals("Jane", person.getFirstName()),

            () -> assertEquals("Doe", person.getLastName())

        );

    }

    @Test

    void dependentAssertions() {

        // Within a code block, if an assertion fails the

        // subsequent code in the same block will be skipped.

        assertAll("properties",

            () -> {

                String firstName = person.getFirstName();

                assertNotNull(firstName);

                // Executed only if the previous assertion is valid.

                assertAll("first name",

                    () -> assertTrue(firstName.startsWith("J")),

                    () -> assertTrue(firstName.endsWith("e"))

                );

            },

            () -> {

                // Grouped assertion, so processed independently

                // of results of first name assertions.

                String lastName = person.getLastName();

                assertNotNull(lastName);

                // Executed only if the previous assertion is valid.

                assertAll("last name",

                    () -> assertTrue(lastName.startsWith("D")),

                    () -> assertTrue(lastName.endsWith("e"))

                );

            }

        );

    }

    @Test

    void exceptionTesting() {

        Exception exception = assertThrows(ArithmeticException.class, () ->

            calculator.divide(1, 0));

        assertEquals("/ by zero", exception.getMessage());

    }

    @Test

    void timeoutNotExceeded() {

        // The following assertion succeeds.

        assertTimeout(ofMinutes(2), () -> {

            // Perform task that takes less than 2 minutes.

        });

    }

    @Test

    void timeoutNotExceededWithResult() {

        // The following assertion succeeds, and returns the supplied object.

        String actualResult = assertTimeout(ofMinutes(2), () -> {

            return "a result";

        });

        assertEquals("a result", actualResult);

    }

    @Test

    void timeoutNotExceededWithMethod() {

        // The following assertion invokes a method reference and returns an object.

        String actualGreeting = assertTimeout(ofMinutes(2), AssertionsDemo::greeting);

        assertEquals("Hello, World!", actualGreeting);

    }

    @Test

    void timeoutExceeded() {

        // The following assertion fails with an error message similar to:

        // execution exceeded timeout of 10 ms by 91 ms

        assertTimeout(ofMillis(10), () -> {

            // Simulate task that takes more than 10 ms.

            Thread.sleep(100);

        });

    }

    @Test

    void timeoutExceededWithPreemptiveTermination() {

        // The following assertion fails with an error message similar to:

        // execution timed out after 10 ms

        assertTimeoutPreemptively(ofMillis(10), () -> {

            // Simulate task that takes more than 10 ms.

            new CountDownLatch(1).await();

        });

    }

    private static String greeting() {

        return "Hello, World!";

    }

}

假設（Assumptions）

JUnit5的斷言是包含在org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions中的靜態方法，比如assumeTrue、assumingThat等。

示例程式碼：

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeTrue;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumingThat;

import example.util.Calculator;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

class AssumptionsDemo {

    private final Calculator calculator = new Calculator();

    @Test

    void testOnlyOnCiServer() {

        assumeTrue("CI".equals(System.getenv("ENV")));

        // remainder of test

    }

    @Test

    void testOnlyOnDeveloperWorkstation() {

        assumeTrue("DEV".equals(System.getenv("ENV")),

            () -> "Aborting test: not on developer workstation");

        // remainder of test

    }

    @Test

    void testInAllEnvironments() {

        assumingThat("CI".equals(System.getenv("ENV")),

            () -> {

                // perform these assertions only on the CI server

                assertEquals(2, calculator.divide(4, 2));

            });

        // perform these assertions in all environments

        assertEquals(42, calculator.multiply(6, 7));

    }

}

Assertions與Assumptions區別

Assertions如果失敗，test會被標記為failed。Assumptions如果失敗，test會被標記為ignored，測試不會執行。

示例：

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;

import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.assumeTrue;

public class Demo {

    @Test

    void assertTest() {

        assertTrue(false);

    }

    @Test

    void assumeTest() {

        assumeTrue(false);

    }

}

結果：

禁用測試

@Disabled能用來禁用test class或test method，建議在括號內填寫上禁用理由。

示例：

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

@Disabled("Disabled until bug #99 has been fixed")

class DisabledClassDemo {

    @Test

    void testWillBeSkipped() {

    }

}

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Disabled;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

class DisabledTestsDemo {

    @Disabled("Disabled until bug #42 has been resolved")

    @Test

    void testWillBeSkipped() {

    }

    @Test

    void testWillBeExecuted() {

    }

}

小結

本文首先介紹瞭如何使用測試類與方法，來編寫一個JUnit5的基本測試，然後介紹瞭如何自定義測試報告中的顯示名字。使用斷言（Assertions）可以把test標記為failed，使用假設（Assumptions）可以把test標記為ignored。最後介紹瞭如何禁用測試。除了基本測試，JUnit5還能編寫帶條件的測試。

參考資料：

https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/user-guide/#writing-tests

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44628483/assume-vs-assert-in-junit-tests