HDC在MSDN中的全稱為:The handle of device context。通常,我們都是用來做相應的顯示操作。
熟悉WIN32的朋友對於其應該不會陌生,經常採用GetDC,GetWindowDC等等來獲取其控制代碼。而用得最多的,可能就是BeginPaint,如:
- case WM_PAINT:
- HDC hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd,&ps);
- ...
- EndPaint(hdc,&ps);
- break;
- case WM_PAINT: HDC hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd,&ps); ... EndPaint(hdc,&ps); break;
使用起來非常簡單,但如果想將其內容儲存為普通的影象文件,可就沒那麼容易。確切地說,在只知道HDC控制代碼的情況下,我們是無法儲存其內容的;但我們可以劍走偏鋒,將HDC的內容寫到一個快取中,然後我們再儲存該快取的內容即可。
聽起來很簡單,卻又像很複雜,不是麼?沒關係,我們現在一步一步來。
首先,我們需要一個HDC的控制代碼。如同前面所說,你可以有多種方法,比如GetDC,GetWindowDC,甚至是CreateDC。反正呢,你用什麼方法我不管,我只要有一個HDC的控制代碼就好了。
有了HDC的控制代碼,接下來我們所需要做的是,知道這HDC的大小,也就是寬度和長度。這個不難,我們只要簡單地呼叫GetDeviceCaps,然後引數給予HORZRES或VERTRES即可:
- int iWidth = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,HORZRES);
- int iHeight = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,VERTRES);
- int iWidth = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,HORZRES); int iHeight = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,VERTRES);
為什麼要知道大小呢?因為我們要用它來建立快取。而這快取,說白了,其實就是一個BMP格式的資料結構而已。
為了建立這個關鍵的快取,我們必須呼叫CreateDIBSection函式,而該函式形參又用到BITMAPINFOHEADER,所以我們的一切,就先從填充該結構體開始。
該結構體定義如下:
- typedef struct tagBITMAPINFO
- {
- BITMAPINFOHEADER bmiHeader;
- RGBQUAD bmiColors[1];
- } BITMAPINFO;
- typedef struct tagBITMAPINFO { BITMAPINFOHEADER bmiHeader; RGBQUAD bmiColors[1]; } BITMAPINFO;
結構體裡面還有一個BITMAPINFOHEADER,其定義如下:
- typedef struct tagBITMAPINFOHEADER
- {
- DWORD biSize;
- LONG biWidth;
- LONG biHeight;
- WORD biPlanes;
- WORD biBitCount
- DWORD biCompression;
- DWORD biSizeImage;
- LONG biXPelsPerMeter;
- LONG biYPelsPerMeter;
- DWORD biClrUsed;
- DWORD biClrImportant;
- } BITMAPINFOHEADER;
- typedef struct tagBITMAPINFOHEADER { DWORD biSize; LONG biWidth; LONG biHeight; WORD biPlanes; WORD biBitCount DWORD biCompression; DWORD biSizeImage; LONG biXPelsPerMeter; LONG biYPelsPerMeter; DWORD biClrUsed; DWORD biClrImportant; } BITMAPINFOHEADER;
這麼多變數,是不是有點頭暈?大可不必緊張,其實我們只需要填充其中幾個,其它統統置為0即可:
- BITMAPINFO bmpInfo = {0};
- bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
- bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth = iWidth;
- bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight = iHeight;
- bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biPlanes = 1;
- bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biBitCount = 24;
- BITMAPINFO bmpInfo = {0}; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER); bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth = iWidth; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight = iHeight; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biPlanes = 1; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biBitCount = 24;
一切從最簡單做起,對於BMP而言,最簡單的自然是24位點陣圖,這就是為什麼biPlanes和biBitCount分別設定為1和24的原因。
填充完BITMAPINFO結構,我們還是不能馬上呼叫CreateDIBSection,因為形參中還有一個HDC。雖然我們可以直接採用已知的HDC控制代碼,但接下來還要將建立的HBITMAP和HDC相連線,所以我們還是先建立一個快取DC:
- HDC hdcMem = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc);
- HDC hdcMem = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc);
一切準備就緒之後,就呼叫CreateDIBSection吧:
- BYTE *pData = NULL;
- hBmp = CreateDIBSection(hdcMem,&bmpInfo,DIB_RGB_COLORS,reinterpret_cast<VOID **>(&pData),NULL,0);
- BYTE *pData = NULL; hBmp = CreateDIBSection(hdcMem,&bmpInfo,DIB_RGB_COLORS,reinterpret_cast<VOID **>(&pData),NULL,0);
pData是分配的一個記憶體空間,將來用來儲存HDC的內容,只不過現在一切都是空的。如果你將這資料儲存出來,你會發現一團漆黑。
將HBITMAP和HDC結合:
- hOldObj = SelectObject(hdcMem, hBmp);
- hOldObj = SelectObject(hdcMem, hBmp);
至此為止,我們前期工作已經準備就緒,我們只需要將HDC的內容用BitBlt繪製到快取中即可:
- BitBlt(hdcMem,
- 0,
- 0,
- iWidth,
- iHeight,
- hdc,
- 0,
- 0,
- SRCCOPY);
- BitBlt(hdcMem, 0, 0, iWidth, iHeight, hdc, 0, 0, SRCCOPY);
這裡其實還有一個小技巧,如果你是想繪製HDC的某個區域,你只需要用StretchBlt替代即可:
- StretchBlt(hdcMem,
- 0,
- 0,
- iWidth,
- iHeight,
- hdc,
- rcDC.left,
- rcDC.top,
- rcDC.right - rcDC.left + 1,
- rcDC.bottom - rcDC.top + 1,
- SRCCOPY);
- StretchBlt(hdcMem, 0, 0, iWidth, iHeight, hdc, rcDC.left, rcDC.top, rcDC.right - rcDC.left + 1, rcDC.bottom - rcDC.top + 1, SRCCOPY);
喜歡追究問題的你,也許會發現,在呼叫該函式之後,pData所指向的記憶體緩衝區已經改變。是的,沒錯,這些改變的資料就是我們所需要的。接下來我們所需要做的僅僅是,將這資料按BMP檔案的格式,儲存下來即可。
BMP檔案格式其實很簡單,最開始是檔案頭資訊,然後是圖片資訊,接下來是資料。我們只需要按照這格式,順序將資料寫入即可。
檔案頭資訊和圖片資訊,微軟已經為我們定義好了相應的結構體:
BMP資訊:
- typedef struct tagBITMAPINFOHEADER
- {
- DWORD biSize;
- LONG biWidth;
- LONG biHeight;
- WORD biPlanes;
- WORD biBitCount
- DWORD biCompression;
- DWORD biSizeImage;
- LONG biXPelsPerMeter;
- LONG biYPelsPerMeter;
- DWORD biClrUsed;
- DWORD biClrImportant;
- } BITMAPINFOHEADER;
- typedef struct tagBITMAPINFOHEADER { DWORD biSize; LONG biWidth; LONG biHeight; WORD biPlanes; WORD biBitCount DWORD biCompression; DWORD biSizeImage; LONG biXPelsPerMeter; LONG biYPelsPerMeter; DWORD biClrUsed; DWORD biClrImportant; } BITMAPINFOHEADER;
檔案頭資訊:
- typedef struct tagBITMAPFILEHEADER
- {
- WORD bfType;
- DWORD bfSize;
- WORD bfReserved1;
- WORD bfReserved2;
- DWORD bfOffBits;
- } BITMAPFILEHEADER;
- typedef struct tagBITMAPFILEHEADER { WORD bfType; DWORD bfSize; WORD bfReserved1; WORD bfReserved2; DWORD bfOffBits; } BITMAPFILEHEADER;
我們首先填充這兩個結構體數值:
- BITMAPINFOHEADER bmInfoHeader = {0};
- bmInfoHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
- bmInfoHeader.biWidth = iWidth;
- bmInfoHeader.biHeight = iHeight;
- bmInfoHeader.biPlanes = 1;
- bmInfoHeader.biBitCount = 24;
- //Bimap file header in order to write bmp file
- BITMAPFILEHEADER bmFileHeader = {0};
- bmFileHeader.bfType = 0x4d42; //bmp
- bmFileHeader.bfOffBits = sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER) + sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
- bmFileHeader.bfSize = bmFileHeader.bfOffBits + ((bmInfoHeader.biWidth * bmInfoHeader.biHeight) * 3); ///3=(24 / 8)
- BITMAPINFOHEADER bmInfoHeader = {0}; bmInfoHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER); bmInfoHeader.biWidth = iWidth; bmInfoHeader.biHeight = iHeight; bmInfoHeader.biPlanes = 1; bmInfoHeader.biBitCount = 24; //Bimap file header in order to write bmp file BITMAPFILEHEADER bmFileHeader = {0}; bmFileHeader.bfType = 0x4d42; //bmp bmFileHeader.bfOffBits = sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER) + sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER); bmFileHeader.bfSize = bmFileHeader.bfOffBits + ((bmInfoHeader.biWidth * bmInfoHeader.biHeight) * 3); ///3=(24 / 8)
接下來的事情,估計大家都輕車熟路了。建立檔案,然後寫入資料,儲存,完畢。
- HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(strFile.c_str(),GENERIC_WRITE,0,NULL,CREATE_ALWAYS,FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,NULL);
- DWORD dwWrite = 0;
- WriteFile(hFile,&bmFileHeader,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL);
- WriteFile(hFile,&bmInfoHeader, sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL);
- WriteFile(hFile,&vtData[0], vtData.size(),&dwWrite,NULL);
- CloseHandle(hFile);
- HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(strFile.c_str(),GENERIC_WRITE,0,NULL,CREATE_ALWAYS,FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,NULL); DWORD dwWrite = 0; WriteFile(hFile,&bmFileHeader,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL); WriteFile(hFile,&bmInfoHeader, sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL); WriteFile(hFile,&vtData[0], vtData.size(),&dwWrite,NULL); CloseHandle(hFile);
文章的最後,是參考原始碼:
- #ifdef UNICODE
- #ifndef TSTRING
- #define TSTRING std::wstring
- #endif
- #else
- #ifndef TSTRING
- #define TSTRING std::string
- #endif
- #endif
- BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,const std::vector<BYTE> &vtData,const SIZE &sizeImg);
- BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc);
- BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc,const RECT &rcDC);
- BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,const std::vector<BYTE> &vtData,const SIZE &sizeImg)
- {
- BITMAPINFOHEADER bmInfoHeader = {0};
- bmInfoHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
- bmInfoHeader.biWidth = sizeImg.cx;
- bmInfoHeader.biHeight = sizeImg.cy;
- bmInfoHeader.biPlanes = 1;
- bmInfoHeader.biBitCount = 24;
- //Bimap file header in order to write bmp file
- BITMAPFILEHEADER bmFileHeader = {0};
- bmFileHeader.bfType = 0x4d42; //bmp
- bmFileHeader.bfOffBits = sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER) + sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
- bmFileHeader.bfSize = bmFileHeader.bfOffBits + ((bmInfoHeader.biWidth * bmInfoHeader.biHeight) * 3); ///3=(24 / 8)
- HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(strFile.c_str(),GENERIC_WRITE,0,NULL,CREATE_ALWAYS,FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,NULL);
- if(hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
- {
- return FALSE;
- }
- DWORD dwWrite = 0;
- WriteFile(hFile,&bmFileHeader,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL);
- WriteFile(hFile,&bmInfoHeader, sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL);
- WriteFile(hFile,&vtData[0], vtData.size(),&dwWrite,NULL);
- CloseHandle(hFile);
- return TRUE;
- }
- BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc)
- {
- int iWidth = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,HORZRES);
- int iHeight = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,VERTRES);
- RECT rcDC = {0,0,iWidth,iHeight};
- return WriteBmp(strFile,hdc,rcDC);
- }
- BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc,const RECT &rcDC)
- {
- BOOL bRes = FALSE;
- BITMAPINFO bmpInfo = {0};
- BYTE *pData = NULL;
- SIZE sizeImg = {0};
- HBITMAP hBmp = NULL;
- std::vector<BYTE> vtData;
- HGDIOBJ hOldObj = NULL;
- HDC hdcMem = NULL;
- //Initilaize the bitmap information
- bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);
- bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth = rcDC.right - rcDC.left;
- bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight = rcDC.bottom - rcDC.top;
- bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biPlanes = 1;
- bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biBitCount = 24;
- //Create the compatible DC to get the data
- hdcMem = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc);
- if(hdcMem == NULL)
- {
- goto EXIT;
- }
- //Get the data from the memory DC
- hBmp = CreateDIBSection(hdcMem,&bmpInfo,DIB_RGB_COLORS,reinterpret_cast<VOID **>(&pData),NULL,0);
- if(hBmp == NULL)
- {
- goto EXIT;
- }
- hOldObj = SelectObject(hdcMem, hBmp);
- //Draw to the memory DC
- sizeImg.cx = bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth;
- sizeImg.cy = bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight;
- StretchBlt(hdcMem,
- 0,
- 0,
- sizeImg.cx,
- sizeImg.cy,
- hdc,
- rcDC.left,
- rcDC.top,
- rcDC.right - rcDC.left + 1,
- rcDC.bottom - rcDC.top + 1,
- SRCCOPY);
- vtData.resize(sizeImg.cx * sizeImg.cy * 3);
- memcpy(&vtData[0],pData,vtData.size());
- bRes = WriteBmp(strFile,vtData,sizeImg);
- SelectObject(hdcMem, hOldObj);
- EXIT:
- if(hBmp != NULL)
- {
- DeleteObject(hBmp);
- }
- if(hdcMem != NULL)
- {
- DeleteDC(hdcMem);
- }
- return bRes;
- }
- #ifdef UNICODE#ifndef TSTRING#define TSTRING std::wstring#endif#else#ifndef TSTRING#define TSTRING std::string#endif#endifBOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,const std::vector<BYTE> &vtData,const SIZE &sizeImg);BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc);BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc,const RECT &rcDC);BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,const std::vector<BYTE> &vtData,const SIZE &sizeImg) { BITMAPINFOHEADER bmInfoHeader = {0};bmInfoHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);bmInfoHeader.biWidth = sizeImg.cx;bmInfoHeader.biHeight = sizeImg.cy;bmInfoHeader.biPlanes = 1;bmInfoHeader.biBitCount = 24;//Bimap file header in order to write bmp fileBITMAPFILEHEADER bmFileHeader = {0};bmFileHeader.bfType = 0x4d42; //bmp bmFileHeader.bfOffBits = sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER) + sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);bmFileHeader.bfSize = bmFileHeader.bfOffBits + ((bmInfoHeader.biWidth * bmInfoHeader.biHeight) * 3); ///3=(24 / 8)HANDLE hFile = CreateFile(strFile.c_str(),GENERIC_WRITE,0,NULL,CREATE_ALWAYS,FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,NULL);if(hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE){return FALSE;}DWORD dwWrite = 0;WriteFile(hFile,&bmFileHeader,sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL);WriteFile(hFile,&bmInfoHeader, sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER),&dwWrite,NULL);WriteFile(hFile,&vtData[0], vtData.size(),&dwWrite,NULL);CloseHandle(hFile);return TRUE;} BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc){int iWidth = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,HORZRES);int iHeight = GetDeviceCaps(hdc,VERTRES);RECT rcDC = {0,0,iWidth,iHeight};return WriteBmp(strFile,hdc,rcDC);}BOOL WriteBmp(const TSTRING &strFile,HDC hdc,const RECT &rcDC){BOOL bRes = FALSE;BITMAPINFO bmpInfo = {0};BYTE *pData = NULL;SIZE sizeImg = {0};HBITMAP hBmp = NULL;std::vector<BYTE> vtData;HGDIOBJ hOldObj = NULL;HDC hdcMem = NULL;//Initilaize the bitmap informationbmpInfo.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER);bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth = rcDC.right - rcDC.left;bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight = rcDC.bottom - rcDC.top;bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biPlanes = 1;bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biBitCount = 24;//Create the compatible DC to get the datahdcMem = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc);if(hdcMem == NULL){goto EXIT;}//Get the data from the memory DChBmp = CreateDIBSection(hdcMem,&bmpInfo,DIB_RGB_COLORS,reinterpret_cast<VOID **>(&pData),NULL,0);if(hBmp == NULL){goto EXIT;}hOldObj = SelectObject(hdcMem, hBmp);//Draw to the memory DCsizeImg.cx = bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth;sizeImg.cy = bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight;StretchBlt(hdcMem,0,0,sizeImg.cx,sizeImg.cy,hdc,rcDC.left,rcDC.top,rcDC.right - rcDC.left + 1,rcDC.bottom - rcDC.top + 1,SRCCOPY);vtData.resize(sizeImg.cx * sizeImg.cy * 3);memcpy(&vtData[0],pData,vtData.size());bRes = WriteBmp(strFile,vtData,sizeImg);SelectObject(hdcMem, hOldObj);EXIT:if(hBmp != NULL){DeleteObject(hBmp);}if(hdcMem != NULL){DeleteDC(hdcMem);}return bRes;}
一共有三個WriteBmp函式,使用上非常簡單。
比如,我想儲存一個HDC,只需要簡單地呼叫:
- HDC hdc = GetDC(NULL);
- WriteBmp(TEXT("//NAND//DCSave.bmp"));
- ReleaseDC(NULL,hdc);
- HDC hdc = GetDC(NULL); WriteBmp(TEXT("//NAND//DCSave.bmp")); ReleaseDC(NULL,hdc);
如果想儲存HDC的某一個部分,同樣也很簡單:
- HDC hdc = GetDC(NULL);
- RECT rcDC = {0,0,100,100};
- WriteBmp(TEXT("//NAND//DCSavePart.bmp"),rcDC);
- ReleaseDC(NULL,hdc);
- HDC hdc = GetDC(NULL); RECT rcDC = {0,0,100,100}; WriteBmp(TEXT("//NAND//DCSavePart.bmp"),rcDC); ReleaseDC(NULL,hdc);
這個函式還能做到一個很有意思的功能,就是擷取螢幕。對於螢幕來說,也是一個HDC,我們只要獲取螢幕的HDC控制代碼,剩下的就沒有什麼難度了:
- HDC hdc = CreateDC(_T("DISPLAY"), NULL, NULL, NULL);
- WriteBmp(TEXT("//NAND//ScreenCapture.BMP"),hdc);
- DeleteDC(hdc);