課程地址：https://www.coursera.org/learn/progfun1/home/welcome

1.1 Programming Paradigms

• In a restricted sense, a functional programming language is one which does not have mutable variables, or imperative control structures.
• In a wider sense, a functional programming language enables the construction of elegant programs that focus on functions.
• In particular, functions in a FP language are first-class citizens. This meas
  • they can be defined anywhere, including inside other functions
  • like any other value, they can be passed as parameters to functions and returned as results
  • as for other values, there exists a set of operators to compose functions

1.2 Elements of Programming

Evaluation of Function Applications:

1. Evaluate all function arguments, from left to right
2. Replace the function application by the function‘s right-hand side, and, at the same time
3. Replace the formal parameters of the function by the actual arguments

Example:

sumOfSquares(3, 2+2)　　　　　　　　　　sumOfSquares(3, 2+2)

sumOfSquares(3, 4)　　　　　　　　　　　 square(3) + square(2+2)

square(3) + sqaure(4)　　　　　　　　　　 3 * 3 + (2+2) * (2+2)

3 * 3 + sqaure(4)　　　　　　　　　　　　 9 + (2+2) * (2+2)

9 + sqaure(4)　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 9 + 4 * (2+2)

9 + 4 * 4　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　9 + 4 * 4

9 + 16　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 9 + 16

25　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 25

call-by-value　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　call-by-name

1.3 Evaluation Strategies and Termination

def first(x: Int, y: Int) = x
first(1, loop)

CBN: 1

CBV: first(1, loop) => first(1, loop) => ...

in scala, using CBV: more efficiency && less side effect

=> pass call by name

1.4 Conditions and Value Definations

def: call by name

val: call by value

def loop: Boolean = {
    if(loop) loop else false
}
def a = loop　　//loop
val b = loop　　//no result, because in val, it will calculate value of function loop first

1.6 Blocks and Lexical Scope

block is delimited by braces { ... }, it contains a sequence of definitions or expressions

1.7 Tail Recursion

In general, if the last action of a function consists of calling a function (which may be the same), one stack frame would be sufficient for both functions. Such calls are called tail-calls.

Scala 函數式程序設計原理(1)