1. 程式人生 > >C++重載>>和<<(輸入輸出運算符)

C++重載>>和<<(輸入輸出運算符)

2.4 返回 ring per dddddd adding 輸入輸出 pla using

在C++中,標準庫本身已經對左移運算符<<和右移運算符>>分別進行了重載,使其能夠用於不同數據的輸入輸出,但是輸入輸出的對象只能是 C++ 內置的數據類型(例如 bool、int、double 等)和標準庫所包含的類類型(例如 string、complex、ofstream、ifstream 等)。

如果我們自己定義了一種新的數據類型,需要用輸入輸出運算符去處理,那麽就必須對它們進行重載。本節以前面的 complex 類為例來演示輸入輸出運算符的重載。

重載輸入運算符>>

下面我們以全局函數的形式重載>>,使它能夠讀入兩個 double 類型的數據,並分別賦值給復數的實部和虛部:

istream & operator>>(istream &in, complex &A){
    in >> A.m_real >> A.m_imag;
    return in;
}

istream 表示輸入流,cin 是 istream 類的對象,只不過這個對象是在標準庫中定義的。之所以返回 istream 類對象的引用,是為了能夠連續讀取復數,讓代碼書寫更加漂亮,例如:

complex c1, c2; cin>>c1>>c2;

如果不返回引用,那就只能一個一個地讀取了:

complex c1, c2; cin>>c1; cin>>c2;

另外,運算符重載函數中用到了 complex 類的 private 成員變量,必須在 complex 類中將該函數聲明為友元函數:

friend istream & operator>>(istream & in , complex &a);

重載輸出運算符<<

同樣地,我們也可以模仿上面的形式對輸出運算符>>進行重載,讓它能夠輸出復數,請看下面的代碼:

ostream & operator<<(ostream &out, complex &A){
    out << A.m_real <<"
+ "<< A.m_imag <<" i "; return out; }

ostream 表示輸出流,cout 是 ostream 類的對象。由於采用了引用的方式進行參數傳遞,並且也返回了對象的引用,所以重載後的運算符可以實現連續輸出。

為了能夠直接訪問 complex 類的 private 成員變量,同樣需要將該函數聲明為 complex 類的友元函數:
(可以加上const修飾)

friend ostream & operator<<(ostream &out, const complex &A);

綜合演示

結合輸入輸出運算符的重載,重新實現 complex 類:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class complex{
public:
    complex(double real = 0.0, double imag = 0.0): m_real(real), m_imag(imag){ };
public:
    friend complex operator+(const complex & A, const complex & B);
    friend complex operator-(const complex & A, const complex & B);
    friend complex operator*(const complex & A, const complex & B);
    friend complex operator/(const complex & A, const complex & B);
    friend istream & operator>>(istream & in, complex & A);
    friend ostream & operator<<(ostream & out, complex & A);
private:
    double m_real;  //實部
    double m_imag;  //虛部
};

//重載加法運算符
complex operator+(const complex & A, const complex &B){
    complex C;
    C.m_real = A.m_real + B.m_real;
    C.m_imag = A.m_imag + B.m_imag;
    return C;
}

//重載減法運算符
complex operator-(const complex & A, const complex &B){
    complex C;
    C.m_real = A.m_real - B.m_real;
    C.m_imag = A.m_imag - B.m_imag;
    return C;
}

//重載乘法運算符
complex operator*(const complex & A, const complex &B){
    complex C;
    C.m_real = A.m_real * B.m_real - A.m_imag * B.m_imag;
    C.m_imag = A.m_imag * B.m_real + A.m_real * B.m_imag;
    return C;
}

//重載除法運算符
complex operator/(const complex & A, const complex & B){
    complex C;
    double square = A.m_real * A.m_real + A.m_imag * A.m_imag;
    C.m_real = (A.m_real * B.m_real + A.m_imag * B.m_imag)/square;
    C.m_imag = (A.m_imag * B.m_real - A.m_real * B.m_imag)/square;
    return C;
}

//重載輸入運算符
istream & operator>>(istream & in, complex & A){
    in >> A.m_real >> A.m_imag;
    return in;
}

//重載輸出運算符
ostream & operator<<(ostream & out, complex & A){
    out << A.m_real <<" + "<< A.m_imag <<" i ";;
    return out;
}

int main(){
    complex c1, c2, c3;
    cin>>c1>>c2;
 
    c3 = c1 + c2;
    cout<<"c1 + c2 = "<<c3<<endl;

    c3 = c1 - c2;
    cout<<"c1 - c2 = "<<c3<<endl;

    c3 = c1 * c2;
    cout<<"c1 * c2 = "<<c3<<endl;

    c3 = c1 / c2;
    cout<<"c1 / c2 = "<<c3<<endl;

    return 0;
}

運行結果:
2.4 3.6↙
4.8 1.7↙
c1 + c2 = 7.2 + 5.3 i
c1 - c2 = -2.4 + 1.9 i
c1 * c2 = 5.4 + 21.36 i
c1 / c2 = 0.942308 + 0.705128 i

C++重載>>和<<(輸入輸出運算符)