Book Imformation :

<Pratical Programming : An Introduction to Computer Science Using Python 3> 2nd Edtion

Author : Paul Gries,Jennifer Campbell,Jason Montojo

Page : Chapter 2.3 to Chapter 2.5

1.A type consists of two things:

(1).a set of values

(2).a set of operations(操作, 運算) that can be applied to those values

if an operator(運算符) can be applied to more than one type of value,it‘s called an overloaded operator(重載運算符).

2.As for floating-point numbers,they are not exactly the fractions(分數) you learned before,take 2/3 and 5/3 for example:

1 2 / 3
2 0.6666666666666666
3 5 / 3
4 1.6666666666666667

This is fishy(可疑的, 值得懷疑的):

(Question:Why the number 0.6666666666666666 turns out to be the closest value to 2/3?)

3.Operator precedence(運算符優先級)

Table 2 shows the order of precedence for arithmetic operators.

It is a good rule to parenthesize complicated expressions even when you don‘t need to like 1 + 1.7 + (3.2 * 4.4) - (16 / 3),but not use parentheses(括號) in simple expressions such as 3.1 * 5.

If we use 0.6666666666666666 in a calculation, the error may get compounded:

1 >>> 2 / 3 + 1
2 1.6666666666666665
3 >>> 5 / 3
4 1.6666666666666667

in many programming languages,1 + 2 / 3 is not equal to 5 / 3.

4.A name that refers to a value is called variable(變量).

You create a variable by assigning(賦值) it a value:

1 >>> degree_celsius = 26.0

This statement is called assignment statement(賦值語句).

5.Values, Variables, and Computer Memory

In our memory model,a variable contains the memory address of the object(對象) to which it refers:

We use the following terminology:

6.Augmented Assignment(復合賦值)

Note that the operator is applied after the expression on the right is evaluated:

1 >>> d = 2
2 >>> d *= 3 + 4
3 >>> d
4 14

7.How Python Tells You Something Went Wrong

Broadly speaking,there are two kinds of errors in Python:

(1).syntax errors(語法錯誤)

which happen when you type something that isn‘t valid Python code.

e.g.

1 >>> 2 + 
2  File "<stdin>", line 1 
3    2 + 
4      ^ 
5 SyntaxError: invalid syntax

1 >>> 12 = x
2  File "<stdin>", line 1 
3 SyntaxError: can‘t assign to literal

A literal is any value,like 12 and 26.0

(2).semantic errors(語義錯誤)

which happen when you tells Python to do something that it just can‘t do.

e.g.

1 >>> 3 + moogah
2  Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> 
3 NameError: name ‘moogah‘ is not defined

Note 2 for <Pratical Programming : An Introduction to Computer Science Using Python 3>