rpm管理程序包雜記
阿新 • • 發佈：2018-03-21
rpm linux 命令 基礎 雜記9.3天程序包管理
0.1查看文件格式
[root@CentOS7 ~]# file /bin/ls
/bin/ls: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=aa7ff68f13de25936a098016243ce57c3c982e06, stripped0.2光盤掛載
[root@CentOS7 ~]# mkdir /media/cdrom [root@CentOS7 ~]# [root@CentOS7 ~]# mount /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom/ mount: /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only [root@CentOS7 ~]# df -lh Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda6 23G 56M 23G 1% / devtmpfs 109M 0 109M 0% /dev tmpfs 119M 0 119M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 119M 8.7M 110M 8% /run tmpfs 119M 0 119M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda5 30G 1.2G 29G 4% /usr /dev/sda2 79G 152M 78G 1% /var /dev/sda3 40G 33M 40G 1% /usr/local /dev/sda7 10G 33M 10G 1% /home /dev/sda9 6.9G 33M 6.8G 1% /tmp /dev/md0 3.9G 16M 3.7G 1% /backup /dev/sda1 197M 108M 90M 55% /boot tmpfs 24M 0 24M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/sdc 40G 17M 38G 1% /mydata /dev/sr0 3.7G 3.7G 0 100% /media/cdrom [root@CentOS7 ~]#
程序包管理
查看程序包的依賴關系
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# ldd /bin/ls linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fffcc331000) #庫的入口，不是真正的庫 libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007f4e29770000) #前面試共享庫，後面對應的是庫名所對應的文件，數字是地址編址機制； libcap.so.2 => /lib64/libcap.so.2 (0x00007f4e2956b000) libacl.so.1 => /lib64/libacl.so.1 (0x00007f4e29361000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f4e28fa0000) libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007f4e28d3f000) liblzma.so.5 => /lib64/liblzma.so.5 (0x00007f4e28b19000) libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f4e28915000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f4e2999e000) libattr.so.1 => /lib64/libattr.so.1 (0x00007f4e28710000) libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f4e284f3000)
查看運行在內存中的庫文件及指向庫文件的路徑名稱的映射關系
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# ldconfig -p 403 libs found in cache `/etc/ld.so.cache‘ p11-kit-trust.so (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/p11-kit-trust.so libz.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libz.so.1 libyajl.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libyajl.so.2 libxtables.so.10 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxtables.so.10 libxslt.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxslt.so.1 libxshmfence.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxshmfence.so.1 libxml2.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxml2.so.2 libxmlrpc_util.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_util.so.3 libxmlrpc_server_cgi.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_server_cgi.so.3 libxmlrpc_server_abyss.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_server_abyss.so.3 libxmlrpc_server.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_server.so.3 libxmlrpc_client.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_client.so.3 libxmlrpc_abyss.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_abyss.so.3 libxmlrpc.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc.so.3 ……後面輸出省略
統計運行在內存中的庫文件個數
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# ldconfig -p | wc -l
4049.4天程序包管理
9.4.1安裝
安裝軟件包，並顯示過程
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2.x86_64.rpm
warning: zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2 ################################# [100%]安裝包出錯，顯示需要依賴關系
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -ivh php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
libodbc.so.2()(64bit) is needed by php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64
php-common(x86-64) = 5.3.3-47.el6 is needed by php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64
php-pdo(x86-64) is needed by php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64安裝測試，不真正安裝
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -ivh --test php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64.rpm
warning: php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
libodbc.so.2()(64bit) is needed by php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64
php-common(x86-64) = 5.3.3-47.el6 is needed by php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64
php-pdo(x86-64) is needed by php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64忽略依賴關系安裝，不建議
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -ivh php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64.rpm --nodeps
warning: php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6 ################################# [100%]重新安裝，覆蓋安裝系統上已經有的包
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -ivh --replacepkgs zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2.x86_64.rpm
warning: zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID c105b9de: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2 ################################# [100%]重裝文件包並檢查來源簽名和包頭的完整性
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -ivh --replacepkgs zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2.x86_64.rpm --nodigest --nosignature
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2 ################################# [100%]查看內核版本
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# uname -r
3.10.0-327.el7.x86_649.4.2升級
9.4.3查詢
查詢系統上安裝的所有程序包
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -qa
man-pages-overrides-7.2.4-1.el7.x86_64
rpm-libs-4.11.3-17.el7.x86_64
filesystem-3.2-20.el7.x86_64
iwl6000g2b-firmware-17.168.5.2-43.el7.noarch
libreport-python-2.1.11-32.el7.centos.x86_64
langtable-data-0.0.31-3.el7.noarch
iwl6000-firmware-9.221.4.1-43.el7.noarch
libreport-web-2.1.11-32.el7.centos.x86_64
quota-nls-4.01-11.el7.noarch
iwl135-firmware-18.168.6.1-43.el7.noarch
dhcp-common-4.2.5-42.el7.centos.x86_64
tzdata-java-2015g-1.el7.noarch
iwl7260-firmware-22.0.7.0-43.el7.noarch
libreport-plugin-rhtsupport-2.1.11-32.el7.centos.x86_64
glibc-2.17-105.el7.x86_64
zabbix-2.4.8-1.el6.x86_64
gsm-1.0.13-11.el7.x86_64
……後面省略通過grep篩選查看哪些文件包是否安裝
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -qa | grep "php"
php-odbc-5.3.3-47.el6.x86_64
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -qa php*查詢文件是由哪個文件包生成
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -qf /etc/issue
centos-release-7-2.1511.el7.centos.2.10.x86_64
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -qf /etc/fstab
setup-2.8.71-6.el7.noarch
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -qf /bin/ls
coreutils-8.22-15.el7.x86_64查詢rpm包歷史的更新，修復信息
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -q --changelog zsh
* Tue Mar 01 2016 Kamil Dudka <[email protected]> - 4.3.11-5.el6_7.2
- signal-handling related fixes collected from upstream (#1316945)
* Tue Oct 20 2015 Kamil Dudka <[email protected]> - 4.3.11-4.el6_7.1
- fix malloc() signal leak in lexsave() (#1267903)
* Mon May 18 2015 Kamil Dudka <[email protected]> - 4.3.11-4
- signal safety when updating global state (#978613)
* Mon Feb 23 2015 Kamil Dudka <[email protected]> - 4.3.11-3
- signal safety when updating global state in execshfunc() (#978613)
* Tue Jan 13 2015 Kamil Dudka <[email protected]> - 4.3.11-2
- fix defects found by GCC and Coverity Analysis (#1181608)
* Thu Nov 20 2014 Kamil Dudka <[email protected]> - 4.3.11-1
- rebase to 4.3.11 (#1132710)
……查詢程序包的配置文件
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -q -c zsh
/etc/skel/.zshrc
/etc/zlogin
/etc/zlogout
/etc/zprofile
/etc/zshenv
/etc/zshrc查看這個程序包與其相沖突的選項
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -q --conflicts zsh查看程序包的幫助文檔
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -q -d zsh
/usr/share/doc/zsh-4.3.11/BUGS
/usr/share/doc/zsh-4.3.11/CONTRIBUTORS
/usr/share/doc/zsh-4.3.11/FAQ
/usr/share/doc/zsh-4.3.11/FEATURES
/usr/share/doc/zsh-4.3.11/LICENCE
/usr/share/doc/zsh-4.3.11/MACHINES
/usr/share/doc/zsh-4.3.11/NEWS
/usr/share/doc/zsh-4.3.11/README
/usr/share/doc/zsh-4.3.11/completion-style-guide
/usr/share/doc/zsh-4.3.11/zsh-development-guide查看包的簡要信息
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -q -i zsh
Name : zsh #名稱
Version : 4.3.11 #版本
Release : 4.el6.centos.2 #發行號
Architecture: x86_64 #支持平臺
Install Date: Tue 19 Jul 2016 04:48:07 AM CST #安裝日期時間
Group : System Environment/Shells #所屬包組
Size : 5298977 #包大小
License : BSD #許可證，MIT=麻省理工
Signature : RSA/SHA1, Wed 23 Mar 2016 03:39:32 AM CST, Key ID 0946fca2c105b9de #簽名信息，RSA能檢查包來源合法性，SHA能檢查包完整性
Source RPM : zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2.src.rpm #包制作時，還提供了源碼格式包
Build Date : Wed 23 Mar 2016 02:57:38 AM CST #包制作時間
Build Host : c6b8.bsys.dev.centos.org #在哪個服務器制作
Relocations : (not relocatable) #有沒有被重新分布，定位；不能指定新位置安裝，只能默認安裝；
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http:// bugs.centos.org> #誰制作了這個包
Vendor : CentOS #提供商
URL : http://zsh.sunsite.dk/ #包的官方站點
Summary : A powerful interactive shell #包的簡要功能描述
Description : #功能詳細描述
The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login
shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh
shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports
command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable
command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history
mechanism, and more.單獨列出包的許可協議
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -qL zsh查看指定程序包安裝後生成的所有文件
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -ql zsh
/bin/zsh
/etc/skel/.zshrc
/etc/zlogin
/etc/zlogout
/etc/zprofile
/etc/zshenv
/etc/zshrc
/usr/lib64/zsh
/usr/lib64/zsh/4.3.11
/usr/lib64/zsh/4.3.11/zsh
/usr/lib64/zsh/4.3.11/zsh/attr.so
/usr/lib64/zsh/4.3.11/zsh/cap.so
……查看程序包內含的所有腳本
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -q --scripts zsh
postinstall scriptlet (using /bin/sh):
if [ ! -f /etc/shells ] ; then
echo "/bin/zsh" > /etc/shells
else
grep -q "^/bin/zsh$" /etc/shells || echo "/bin/zsh" >> /etc/shells
fi
if [ -f /usr/share/info/zsh.info.gz ]; then
# This is needed so that --excludedocs works.
/sbin/install-info /usr/share/info/zsh.info.gz /usr/share/info/dir --entry="* zsh: (zsh). An enhanced bourne shell."
fi
:
preuninstall scriptlet (using /bin/sh):
if [ "$1" = 0 ] ; then
if [ -f /usr/share/info/zsh.info.gz ]; then
# This is needed so that --excludedocs works.
/sbin/install-info --delete /usr/share/info/zsh.info.gz /usr/share/info/dir --entry="* zsh: (zsh). An enhanced bourne shell."
fi
fi
:
postuninstall scriptlet (using /bin/sh):
if [ "$1" = 0 ] ; then
if [ -f /etc/shells ] ; then
TmpFile=`/bin/mktemp /tmp/.zshrpmXXXXXX`
grep -v ‘^/bin/zsh$‘ /etc/shells > $TmpFile
cp -f $TmpFile /etc/shells
rm -f $TmpFile
fi
fi
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# 9.4.3 卸載
rpm -e zsh9.4.4 校驗
校驗安裝的文件是否被用戶修改過配置
[root@CentOS7 ~]# rpm -V zsh
S.5....T. /usr/share/zsh/4.3.11/functions/zmv導入密鑰，然後安裝光盤裏的文件包將不會提示校驗碼檢驗不過
[root@CentOS7 cdrom]# rpm --import RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# ls | grep zsh
zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2.x86_64.rpm #下面已經沒有提示檢驗有問題
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# rpm -ivh --replacepkgs zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-4.3.11-4.el6.centos.2 ################################# [100%]
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# 查看rpm數據庫目錄
[root@CentOS7 Packages]# cd /var/lib/rpm
[root@CentOS7 rpm]# ll
total 37844
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1855488 Jul 19 09:04 Basenames
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8192 Jun 16 10:01 Conflictname
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 270336 Jul 19 09:04 __db.001
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 81920 Jul 19 09:04 __db.002
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1318912 Jul 19 09:04 __db.003
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 430080 Jul 19 09:04 Dirnames
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12288 Jul 19 09:04 Group
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 16384 Jul 19 09:04 Installtid
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 36864 Jul 19 09:04 Name
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 16384 Jul 19 04:32 Obsoletename
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 32968704 Jul 19 09:04 Packages
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1560576 Jul 19 09:04 Providename
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 180224 Jul 19 09:04 Requirename
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 61440 Jul 19 09:04 Sha1header
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 40960 Jul 19 09:04 Sigmd5
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8192 Jun 16 10:00 Triggername
[root@CentOS7 rpm]# rpm管理程序包雜記