1.requests

Requests 是用Python語言編寫，基於 urllib，采用 Apache2 Licensed 開源協議的 HTTP 庫。它比 urllib 更加方便，可以節約我們大量的工作，完全滿足 HTTP 測試需求。

requests模塊的參數

1.1 get　　#發送get請求

requests.get( )的參數有：url、params、headers、cookies　　

1 requests.get(
2     url=”http: // www.oldboyedu.com”,
3     params = {“nid”:1,”name”:”xx”}  # 實際上傳入的url為http://www.oldboyedu.com？Nid=1&name=xx    #url中傳入參數
 

4     headers = {...}, 
5     cookies = {...}
6 )    

1.2 post　　#發送post請求

requests.post( )的參數有：url、params , haders , data , cookies

post中的參數用法和get中的一樣，就不一一贅述了。

1.3 proxies

proxies　　--代理

1     # 發送文件，定制文件名(上傳文件)
2     # file_dict = {
3     # ‘f1‘: (‘test.txt‘, open(‘readme‘, ‘rb‘))
4     #
 
 }
5     # requests.request(method=‘POST‘,
6     # url=‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘,
7     # files=file_dict)

1.4 json

當請求中提交的不是From Data作為數據，而是payload.時使用，導入json模塊json.dumps（data）

post發送json數據

1 import requests
2 import json
3  
4 r = requests.post(‘https://api.github.com/some/endpoint‘, data=json.dumps({‘
 
some‘: ‘data‘}))
5 print(r.json())

1.5 auth

做基本的認證

1.6 timeout

#超時時間
timeout=（m,n）
#表示 請求時間最多n秒；響應時間最多等待接收m秒

1.7 allow_redirects

是否支持重定向，默認為True

1.8 stream

下載大文件是使用，一點一點的下載

1 ret = requests.get(‘http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/‘, stream=True)
2     for i in r.iter_content():
3          print(i)
4     from contextlib import closing
5     with closing(requests.get(‘http://httpbin.org/get‘, stream=True)) as r:
6         # 在此處理響應。
7         for i in r.iter_content():
8             print(i)

1.9 cert: 證書

1.10 verify: 確認

2.BeautifulSoup

Beautiful Soup 是一個可以從 HTML 或 XML 文件中提取數據的 Python 庫.它能夠通過你喜歡的轉換器實現慣用的文檔導航,查找,修改文檔的方式.Beautiful Soup 會幫你節省數小時甚至數天的工作時間.

2.1 bs4的安裝

pip install BeautifulSoup4

2.2 解析

1 import requests
2 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
3 
4 ret = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")
5 soup = BeautifulSoup(ret.text,‘html.parser‘)
6 print(soup)    #打印解析出來的html

2.3 find和find_all 方法

1 div = soup.find(name="div",attrs={"id":"content-list"})
2 # 找到標簽名為div，id屬性為content-list的標簽，返回此div標簽中的所有內容
3 items = div.find_all(name="div",attrs={"class":"item"})
4 #找到標簽名為div，class屬性為item的所有標簽，返回所有此class屬性的div標簽

一大波練習這兩個爬蟲最常用模塊的實例：

1.自動登錄抽屜並批量點贊

 1 import requests
 2 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 3 
 4 #獲取每一頁頁面的URL
 5 for page in range(5,6):
 6     pageurl = "https://dig.chouti.com/all/hot/recent/%s"%page
 7 
 8 header = {
 9              "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/55.0.2883.87 Safari/537.36"
10         }
11     #循環訪問每一頁，並獲取cookies
12     response = requests.get(
13         url=pageurl,
14         headers = header
15     )
16     cookie1_dict = response.cookies.get_dict()
17 # response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding
18 # print(response.text)
19 
20 # 發送post請求，進行登錄
21 data = {
22     "phone":"********",
23     "password":"*******",
24     "oneMonth":1
25 }
26 response1 = requests.post(url="https://dig.chouti.com/login",
27                          data=data,
28                          headers=header,
29                           cookies = cookie1_dict
30                          )
31 
32 #找到每頁的各個新聞的ID
33 soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text,"html.parser")
34 div = soup.find(name="div",attrs={"id":"content-list"})
35 # print(div)
36 items = div.find_all(name="div",attrs={"class":"item"})
37 for item in items:
38     id=item.find(name="div",attrs = {"class":"part2"}).get("share-linkid")
39 
40     #進行點贊操作
41     response2 = requests.post(url="https://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=%s"%id,
42                           headers={
43                               "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/55.0.2883.87 Safari/537.36"
44                           },
45                           cookies = cookie1_dict
46                          
47                           )
48     print(response2.text)

2.自動登錄GitHub並獲取個人信息

 1 import requests
 2 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 3 
 4 res = requests.get(url="https://github.com/login")
 5 soup1 = BeautifulSoup(res.text,"html.parser")
 6 tag = soup1.find(name=‘input‘, attrs={‘name‘: ‘authenticity_token‘})
 7 authenticity_token = tag.get(‘value‘)
 8 cookie1 = res.cookies.get_dict()
 9 
10 header={
11     "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36"
12 }
13 
14 res_login = requests.post(url="https://github.com/session",
15                          headers = header,
16                          data = {
17                             "commit":"Sign in",
18                             "utf8":"?",
19                             "authenticity_token":authenticity_token,
20                             "login":"******",
21                             "password":"**********"
22                          },
23                          cookies = cookie1
24                          )
25 cookie2 = res_login.cookies.get_dict()
26 # print(res_login.text)
27 
28 res_message = requests.get(url="https://github.com/Aberwang",
29                            headers=header,
30                            cookies = cookie2,
31                            )
32 # print(res_message.text)
33 soup2 = BeautifulSoup(res_message.text,"html.parser")
34 div = soup2.find(name="div",attrs={"id":"js-pjax-container"})
35 h1 = div.find(name="h1",attrs={"class":"vcard-names"})
36 span = h1.find(name="span",attrs={"class":"p-nickname vcard-username d-block"})
37 username = span.get_text()
38 print("獲取到的用戶名為：",username)
39 a = div.find(name="a",attrs={"class":"u-photo d-block tooltipped tooltipped-s"})
40 img = a.find(name="img",attrs={"class":"avatar width-full rounded-2"})
41 src = img.get("src")
42 print("獲取到的用戶頭像地址為：",src)

3.汽車之家新聞抓取

 1 import requests
 2 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 3 
 4 res = requests.get("https://www.autohome.com.cn/news/") #獲取網頁HTML內容
 5 res.encoding = "gbk"
 6 
 7 soup = BeautifulSoup(res.text,"html.parser")
 8 #解析所獲得的html頁面
 9 li_list = soup.find(id = "auto-channel-lazyload-article").find_all(name = "li")
10 for li in li_list:
11     title = li.find("h3")
12     if not title:
13         continue
14     summary = li.find("p")
15     url = li.find("a").get("href")
16     img = li.find(‘img‘).get(‘src‘)
17     print(title.text,url,summary.text,img)

4.自動登錄碼雲並獲取個人信息

 1 import requests
 2 from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
 3 
 4 #獲取token
 5 r1 = requests.get("https://gitee.com/login")
 6 r1.encoding = "utf-8"
 7 soup = BeautifulSoup(r1.text,"html.parser")
 8 token = soup.find(name = "input",attrs = {"name":"authenticity_token"}).get("value")
 9 
10 #將用戶名，密碼，token發送到服務端，以POST請求方式
11 
12 
13 date = {
14     "utf8":"?",
15     "authenticity_token":token,
16     "redirect_to_url":"",
17     "user[login]":"***賬號****",
18     ‘user[password]‘:"***密碼***.",
19     "captcha":"",
20     "user[remember_me]":"0",
21     "commit":"登錄"
22     }
23 r2 = requests.post("https://gitee.com/login",date)
24 
25 cookie_dict = r2.cookies.get_dict()
26 r3 = requests.get("https://gitee.com/aberwang/projects",cookie_dict)
27 print(r3.text)

python之路 -- 爬蟲二篇 -- 常用模塊