7.5 函式和c-風格字串

C-風格字串由一系列字元組成，以空值字元結尾。

將字串作為引數時意味著傳遞的是地址，但可以使用const來禁止對字串引數進行修改。

7.5.1 將C-風格字串作為引數的函式

假設要將字串作為引數傳遞給函式，則表示字串的方式有三種：

char陣列；

用引號括起的字串常量（也稱字串字面值）；

被設定為字串的地址的char指標。

#include <iostream>
usigned int c_in str{const char *str,char ch};
int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    char mmm[15]="minimum"; //string in an array
//some systems require preceding char with static to enable array initialization
    char *wail="ululate";  //wail points-to string
    unsigned int ms=c_in_str(mmm,'m');
    unsigned int us =c_in_str(wail,'u');
    cout<<ms<<"m characters in "<<mmm<<endl;
    cout<<us<<"u characters in "<<wail<<endl;
    return 0;
}
//this function counts the number of ch characters in the string atr
unsigned int c_in_str(const char *str.char ch)
{
    unsigned int count=0;
    while (*str)  //quit when *str is'/0'
{ 
if (*str == ch)
   count ++;
 str++;  //move pointer to next char
}
return count;
}
 

travel_time sum(travel_time t1,travel_time t2)
{
  travel_time toal;
  total.mins=(t1.mins_t2.mins)%Mins_per_hr;
  total.hours=t1.hours_t2.hours+(t1.mins_t2.mins)/Mins_per_hr;
  return total;
}
void show_time(travel_time t){
   using namespace std;
   cout<<t.hours<<"hours."<<t.mins<<"minutes\n";
}
 

#include <iostream>
#include<cmath>

//structure templates
struct polar
{
  double distance; //distance from origin
  double angle;  //direcction from origin
};
struct rect
{
   double x;  //horizontal distance from origin
   double y;   //vertical distance from origin
};
//prototypes
void rect_to_plar(const rect *pxy,polar *pda);
void show_polar(const polar *pda);

int main()
{
  using namespace std;
  rect rpace;
  polar pplace;
  cout<<"Enter the x and y values:"
  while (cin >> rplace.x>>rplace.y)
{ rect_to polar(&rplace,&pplace); //pass addresses
  show_polar(&applace); //pass addresses
   cout<<"Next two number (q to quit):"
}
cout<<"Done.\n";
return 0;
}
//show polar coordinates,corverting angle to degrees
void show_polar (const polar *pda)
{
  using namespace std;
  const double Rad_to_deg=57.29577951;
  cout<<"distance ="<<pda->distance;
  cout<<",angle="<<plda->angle *Rad_to_deg;
  cout<<"degrees\n";
}
//convert rectangular to polar coordinates
void rect_to_polar(const rect *pxy,polar *pda)
{
 using namespace std;
 pda-distance=sqrt(pxy->x *pxy->x + pxy->y *pxy->y);
 pda-angle=atan2(pxy->y,pxy->x);
}














 

7.7函式和string物件

7.8 函式和array物件

類物件是基於結構的，因此結構程式設計方面的有些考慮因素也適用於類。例如，可按值將物件傳遞給函式，在這種情況下，函式處理的是原始物件的副本。另外，也可將傳遞指向物件的指標，這讓函式能夠操作原始物件。

#include <iostream>
#include <array>
#include <string>
//constant data
const int Seasons =2;
const std::array<std::string,Season>Snames={"Spring","Summer","Fall","Winter"}；

//function to modify array object
void fill(std::array<double,Seasons> *pa);
//function that uses array object without modifying it
void show (std::array<double,Seasons> da);
int main()
{
  std::array<double,Seasons> expenses;
  fill(&expenses);
  show(expenses);
  return 0;
}
void fill (std:;array<double,Seasons> *pa)
{
  using namepace std;
  for (int i=0;i<Seasons;i++)
{
  cout<<"enter"<<Sname[i]<<"expenses:";
  cin>>(*pa)[i];
}
}

void show(std::array<double,Seasons> da)
{
   using namespace std;
   double total=0.0;
   cout<,"\nEXPENSES\n";
   for (int i-=0;i<Seasons;i++)
   {
      cout<<Sname[i]<<":$"<<da[i]<<endl;
      total +=da[i];
}
cout <<"Total Expenses:$"<<total<<endl;
}

7.9 遞迴

7.10函式指標

#include <iostream>
//various notations,same signatures
const double *f1(const double ar[],int n);
const double *f2(const double [],int);
const double *f3(const double *,int);



int main(){
   using namespace std;
   double av[3]=[1112.3,1542.6,2227.9);
   //pointer to a function
   const double *(*p1)(const double *,int)=f1;
   auto p2=f2;