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sql語句常用增刪改查

(本文是參考w3c中的sql教程內容,再結合其他相關材料整理的)

一、插入(複製)表資料

1、INSERT INTO 語句

(1)插入新的一行資料

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  1. INSERTINTO Persons VALUES ('Gates''Bill''Xuanwumen 10''Beijing');  
INSERT INTO Persons VALUES ('Gates', 'Bill', 'Xuanwumen 10', 'Beijing');
(2)在指定的列中插入資料 [sql] view plain copy print
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  1. INSERTINTO Persons (LastName, Address) VALUES ('Wilson''Champs-Elysees');  
INSERT INTO Persons (LastName, Address) VALUES ('Wilson', 'Champs-Elysees');
2、SQL SELECT INTO 語句可用於建立表的備份復件

(1)在建表時複製所有資料:

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  1. createtable userinfo_new asselect * from userinfo;  
create table userinfo_new as select * from userinfo;

(2)在建表時複製部分資料: [sql] view plain copy print?
  1. createtable userinfo_new1 asselect id,username from userinfo;  
create table userinfo_new1 as select id,username from userinfo;

(3)在新增時複製所有資料: [sql] view plain copy print?
  1. insertinto userinfo_new select * from userinfo;  
insert into userinfo_new select * from userinfo;

(4)在新增時複製部分資料: [sql] view plain copy print?
  1. insertinto userinfo_new(id,username) select id,username from userinfo;  
insert into userinfo_new(id,username) select id,username from userinfo;

二、修改表資料

1、Update 語句
(1)無條件更新:

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  1. update userinfo set userpwd='111',email='[email protected]';  
update userinfo set userpwd='111',email='[email protected]';
(2)有條件更新: [sql] view plain copy print?
  1. update userinfo set userpwd='123456'where username='xxx';  
update userinfo set userpwd='123456' where username='xxx';

三、刪除表資料

1、DELETE 語句

無條件刪除:

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  1. dalete from userinfo;  
dalete from userinfo;
有條件刪除: [sql] view plain copy print?
  1. deletefrom userinfo where username='yyy';  
delete from userinfo where username='yyy';
四、查詢表資料

1、SELECT 語句

(1)查詢所有欄位:

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  1. select * from users;  
select * from users;
(2)查詢指定欄位: [sql] view plain copy print?
  1. select username,salary from users;  
select username,salary from users;
2、SELECT DISTINCT 語句

如需從 Company" 列中僅選取唯一不同的值,我們需要使用 SELECT DISTINCT 語句:

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  1. SELECTDISTINCT Company FROM Orders;   
SELECT DISTINCT Company FROM Orders; 

3、SQL where

選取居住在城市 "Beijing" 中的人,我們需要向 SELECT 語句新增 WHERE 子句:

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  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City='Beijing';  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City='Beijing';
注意:SQL 使用單引號來環繞文字值(大部分資料庫系統也接受雙引號)。如果是數值,請不要使用引號。

4、SQL AND & OR

(1)使用 AND 來顯示所有姓為 "Carter" 並且名為 "Thomas" 的人:

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  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Thomas'AND LastName='Carter';  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName='Thomas' AND LastName='Carter';
(2)使用 OR 來顯示所有姓為 "Carter" 或者名為 "Thomas" 的人:
[sql] view plain copy print?
  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE firstname='Thomas'OR lastname='Carter';  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE firstname='Thomas' OR lastname='Carter';
5、ORDER BY 語句用於對結果集進行排序。
(1)以字母順序顯示公司名稱:
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  1. SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders ORDERBY Company;  
SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders ORDER BY Company;
(2)以字母順序顯示公司名稱(Company),並以數字順序顯示順序號(OrderNumber):
[sql] view plain copy print?
  1. SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders ORDERBY Company, OrderNumber;  
SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders ORDER BY Company, OrderNumber;
(3)以逆字母順序顯示公司名稱:
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  1. SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders ORDERBY Company DESC;  
SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders ORDER BY Company DESC;
(4)以逆字母順序顯示公司名稱,並以數字順序顯示順序號:
[sql] view plain copy print?
  1. SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders ORDERBY Company DESC, OrderNumber ASC;  
SELECT Company, OrderNumber FROM Orders ORDER BY Company DESC, OrderNumber ASC;

6、TOP 子句

SQL Server 的語法:

從"Persons" 表中選取頭兩條記錄:
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  1. SELECTTOP 2 * FROM Persons;  
SELECT TOP 2 * FROM Persons;

從"Persons" 表中選取 50% 的記錄:

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  1. SELECTTOP 50 PERCENT * FROM Persons;  
SELECT TOP 50 PERCENT * FROM Persons;

MySQL 語法:

從"Persons" 表中選取頭兩條記錄: [sql] view plain copy print?
  1. SELECT * FROM Persons LIMIT 2;  
SELECT * FROM Persons LIMIT 2;

Oracle 語法:

從"Persons" 表中選取頭兩條記錄:
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  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE ROWNUM <= 2;  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE ROWNUM <= 2;
7、LIKE 操作符、SQL 萬用字元
(1)從"Persons" 表中選取居住在以 "N" 開始的城市裡的人:
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  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE'N%';  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE 'N%';
(2)從"Persons" 表中選取居住在以 "g" 結尾的城市裡的人:
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  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE'%g';  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE '%g';
(3)從 "Persons" 表中選取居住在包含 "lon" 的城市裡的人:
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  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE '%lon% ;  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE '%lon% ;
(4)從 "Persons" 表中選取居住在不包含 "lon" 的城市裡的人:
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  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City NOTLIKE'%lon%';  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City NOT LIKE '%lon%';
(5)從"Persons" 表中選取名字的第一個字元之後是 "eorge" 的人:
[sql] view plain copy print?
  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName LIKE'_eorge';  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE FirstName LIKE '_eorge';
(6)從"Persons" 表中選取的這條記錄的姓氏以 "C" 開頭,然後是一個任意字元,然後是 "r",然後是任意字元,然後是 "er":
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  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName LIKE'C_r_er';  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName LIKE 'C_r_er';
(7)從"Persons" 表中選取居住的城市以 "A" 或 "L" 或 "N" 開頭的人:
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  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE'[ALN]%';  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE '[ALN]%';
(8)從"Persons" 表中選取居住的城市不以 "A" 或 "L" 或 "N" 開頭的人:
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  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE'[!ALN]%';  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE City LIKE '[!ALN]%';
8、IN 操作符
從表中選取姓氏為 Adams 和 Carter 的人:
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  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName IN ('Adams','Carter');  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName IN ('Adams','Carter');
9、BETWEEN 操作符
以字母順序顯示介於 "Adams"(包括)和 "Carter"(不包括)之間的人:
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  1. SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName BETWEEN'Adams'AND'Carter';  
SELECT * FROM Persons WHERE LastName BETWEEN 'Adams' AND 'Carter';

注意:不同的資料庫對 BETWEEN...AND 操作符的處理方式是有差異的。某些資料庫會列出介於 "Adams" 和 "Carter" 之間的人,但不包括 "Adams" 和 "Carter" ;某些資料庫會列出介於 "Adams" 和 "Carter" 之間幷包括 "Adams" 和 "Carter" 的人;而另一些資料庫會列出介於 "Adams" 和 "Carter" 之間的人,包括 "Adams" ,但不包括 "Carter" 。

所以,請檢查你的資料庫是如何處理 BETWEEN....AND 操作符的!

10、為列名稱和表名稱指定別名(Alias) (1)表的 SQL Alias 語法
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  1. SELECT po.OrderID, p.LastName, p.FirstName FROM Persons AS p, Product_Orders AS po WHERE p.LastName='Adams'AND p.FirstName='John';  
SELECT po.OrderID, p.LastName, p.FirstName FROM Persons AS p, Product_Orders AS po WHERE p.LastName='Adams' AND p.FirstName='John';
(2)列的 SQL Alias 語法
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  1. SELECT LastName AS Family, FirstName ASNameFROM Persons;  
SELECT LastName AS Family, FirstName AS Name FROM Persons;
10、Join(Inner Join)、Left Join(Left Outer Join)、Right Join(Right Outer Join)、Full Join(Full Outer Join)

"Persons" 表:

Id_P LastName FirstName Address City
1 Adams John Oxford Street London
2 Bush George Fifth Avenue New York
3 Carter Thomas Changan Street Beijing

"Orders" 表:

Id_O OrderNo Id_P
1 77895 3
2 44678 3
3 22456 1
4 24562 1
5 34764 65
(1)Join 用where 聯表查詢: [sql] view plain copy print?
  1. SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons, Orders WHERE Persons.Id_P = Orders.Id_P ;  
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons, Orders WHERE Persons.Id_P = Orders.Id_P ;
用Join(Inner Join)查詢:INNER JOIN 關鍵字在表中存在至少一個匹配時返回行。如果 "Persons" 中的行在 "Orders" 中沒有匹配,就不會列出這些行。 [sql] view plain copy print?
  1. SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons INNERJOIN Orders ON Persons.Id_P = Orders.Id_P ORDERBY Persons.LastName;  
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons INNER JOIN Orders ON Persons.Id_P = Orders.Id_P ORDER BY Persons.LastName;
LastName FirstName OrderNo
Adams John 22456
Adams John 24562
Carter Thomas 77895
Carter Thomas 44678
(2)左外連線Left Join(Left Outer Join):LEFT JOIN 關鍵字會從左表 (Persons) 那裡返回所有的行,即使在右表 (Orders) 中沒有匹配的行。 [sql] view plain copy print?
  1. SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons LEFTJOIN Orders ON Persons.Id_P=Orders.Id_P ORDERBY Persons.LastName;  
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons LEFT JOIN Orders ON Persons.Id_P=Orders.Id_P ORDER BY Persons.LastName;
LastName FirstName OrderNo
Adams John 22456
Adams John 24562
Carter Thomas 77895
Carter Thomas 44678
Bush George
(3)右外連線Right Join(Right Outer Join):RIGHT JOIN 關鍵字會從右表 (Orders) 那裡返回所有的行,即使在左表 (Persons) 中沒有匹配的行。 [sql] view plain copy print?
  1. SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons RIGHTJOIN Orders ON Persons.Id_P=Orders.Id_P ORDERBY Persons.LastName;  
SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons RIGHT JOIN Orders ON Persons.Id_P=Orders.Id_P ORDER BY Persons.LastName;
LastName FirstName OrderNo
Adams John 22456
Adams John 24562
Carter Thomas 77895
Carter Thomas 44678
34764
(4)全連線Full Join(Full Outer Join):FULL JOIN 關鍵字會從左表 (Persons) 和右表 (Orders) 那裡返回所有的行。如果 "Persons" 中的行在表 "Orders" 中沒有匹配,或者如果 "Orders" 中的行在表 "Persons" 中沒有匹配,這些行同樣會列出。
[sql] view plain copy print?
  1. SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo FROM Persons FULL