關於元組
元組是一個元素不可變的容器，這也就意味著，通過他們做hash演算法總是得到一個值，而這恰恰是作為鍵值的必備條件，

互動直譯器環境

Python 2.7.5 (default, Nov 20 2015, 02:00:19) 
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-4)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

元組的建立

一般建立方法

>>> atuple = (1,2,3,'string',['name','sex'
 
],('Changer','man'),7-9j)
>>> type(atuple)
<type 'tuple'>
>>> print atuple
(1, 2, 3, 'string', ['name', 'sex'], ('Changer', 'man'), (7-9j))

>>> '123','ChangerLee',1,2,-4.2e+093
('123', 'ChangerLee', 1, 2, -4.2e+93)

單元素元組的建立

>>> test = (1,)
>>> type
 
(test)
<type 'tuple'>
>>> print test
(1,)

>>> test = ('abc',)
>>> type(test)
<type 'tuple'>
>>> print test
('abc',)

常見誤區：

>>> test = (1)
>>> type(test)
<type 'int'>

>>> test = ('abc')
>>> type(test)
<type
 
 'str'>

類例項化建立：

class tuple(object)
 |  tuple() -> empty tuple
 |  tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable's items

傳入一個迭代器引數:字串，列表，元組等

>>> test = tuple('abc')
>>> type(test)
<type 'tuple'>
>>> print test
('a', 'b', 'c')

>>> test = tuple('1')
>>> type(test)
<type 'tuple'>
>>> print test
('1',)
>>> type(tuple)
<type 'type'>

>>> test = tuple([1,2,3,3,'string',['name','sex'],('Changer','man'),7-9j])
>>> type(test)
<type 'tuple'>
>>> test
(1, 2, 3, 3, 'string', ['name', 'sex'], ('Changer', 'man'), (7-9j))

>>> test = tuple((1,2,3,3,'string',['name','sex'],('Changer','man'),7-9j))
>>> type(test)
<type 'tuple'>
>>> test
(1, 2, 3, 3, 'string', ['name', 'sex'], ('Changer', 'man'), (7-9j))

傳入非迭代器會報錯

>>> test = tuple(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable

>>> test = tuple(1,)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'int' object is not iterable

建立空元組

>>> test = tuple()
>>> type(test)
<type 'tuple'>
>>> print test
()

>>> test = ()
>>> type(test)
<type 'tuple'>
>>> print test
()

元組例項方法

count(...)
 |      T.count(value) -> integer --    return            
 |        number   of occurrences of value

 |  index(...)
 |      T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
 |      Raises ValueError if the value is not present.

返回元組中指定元素的第一個下標

>>> test = tuple((1,2,3,3,'string',['name','sex'],('Changer','man'),7-9j))
>>> test.count(3)
2
>>> test.count(2)
1

統計元素在元組中的個數

>>> test.index(3)
2
>>> test.index('string')
4

元組的切片

>>> test[:]
(1, 2, 3, 3, 'string', ['name', 'sex'], ('Changer', 'man'), (7-9j))

>>> test[2:5]
(3, 3, 'string')

>>> test[5]
['name', 'sex']

>>> test[5][1]
'sex'

>>> test[6][1]
'man'

>>> test[7]
(7-9j)

元組的更新

新增元組元素

>>> test = tuple((1,2,3,3,'string',['name','sex'],('Changer','man'),7-9j))

>>> test = test+(1,2)
>>> test 
(1, 2, 3, 3, 'string', ['name', 'sex'], ('Changer', 'man'), (7-9j), 1, 2)

元組整體合併

>>> test = tuple((1,2,3,3,'string',['name','sex'],('Changer','man'),7-9j))
>>> test = test,('a',1,2)

>>> test 
((1, 2, 3, 3, 'string', ['name', 'sex'], ('Changer', 'man')), ('a', 1, 2))

>>> test[0] 
(1, 2, 3, 3, 'string', ['name', 'sex'], ('Changer', 'man'))

>>> test[1] 
（('a', 1, 2))

刪除元組

>>> del test
>>> test
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'test' is not defined

注意：刪除一個單獨的元組元素是不可能的

>>> del test[7]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'tuple' object doesn't support item deletion

可以通過切片重組元組

>>> test[:7]
(1, 2, 3, 3, 'string', ['name', 'sex'], ('Changer', 'man'))
>>> test = test[:7]
>>> test 
(1, 2, 3, 3, 'string', ['name', 'sex'], ('Changer', 'man'))

元組的操作符

成員關係操作符 in ,not in

>>> test
(1, 2, 3, 3, 'string', ['name', 'sex'], ('Changer', 'man'), (7-9j))

>>> 'string' in test
True

>>> 5 not in test
True

連線，重複操作符+,*

>>> test = (1,2,3,4)+(5,6,7,8,9)
>>> test 
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

>>> test+('a','b','c') 
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 'a', 'b', 'c')

>>> test = (1,2,3,4)
>>> test 
(1, 2, 3, 4)
>>> test = (1,2,3,4)*3
>>> test
(1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4)

邏輯操作符< = >
注意：只針對元組的第一個元素做邏輯運算

>>> (4,2) > (3,4)
True
>>> (1,2) > (3,1)
False
>>> (1,2) == (3,4)
False
>>> (1,2) == (1,4)
False

比較中間的元素，將返回的布林值插入後建立的元組

>>> 1,2 > 3,4
(1, False, 4)

>>> 4,2 == 2,4
(4, True, 4)

>>> 4,2 < 1,4
(4, False, 4)

4,3 > 1,4
(4, True, 4)

```
>>> 4,3 > 1,4,8
(4, True, 4, 8)

>>> 1,3,4,3 > 1,4,8
(1, 3, 4, True, 4, 8)

常用內建函式對元組的操作
更新不可變的元組時，先轉換成列表，在調取列表方法更新，也是個不錯的選擇
list()

>>> test
(1, 2, 3, 4)

>>> test = list(test)
>>> test
[1, 2, 3, 4]

>>> test = tuple(test)
>>> test
(1, 2, 3, 4)

len()

>>> len(test)
4