linux命令詳解之ls命令
阿新 • • 發佈：2019-01-07
ls命令概述
ls命令用於顯示檔案目錄列表，和Windows系統下DOS命令dir類似。當執行ls命令時，預設顯示的只有非隱藏檔案的檔名、以檔名進行排序及檔名代表的顏色顯示。當不加引數時，預設列出當前目錄的列表資訊。ls命令使用頻率非常高，引數也非常多，多達四五十個，本文只介紹一部分常用的引數，其他引數可以通過man命令檢視幫助手冊。
說明：在linux下，檔名以點.開頭表示該檔案為隱藏檔案，如.bashrc。
ls命令語法
ls [選項] [目錄或檔名]
引數：
-a：--all的縮寫，顯示所有的檔案，包括隱藏檔案(以.開頭的檔案)，參考示例1。(常用)
-A：--almost-all
.和上級目錄..這兩個檔案，參考示例2。 -c：和-lt一起使用：顯示列表並且以ctime(檔案狀態最後改變時間)排序。和-l一起使用：顯示ctime並且以檔名排序。其他情況，以ctime排序。參考示例3。 -d：--directory的縮寫，僅列出目錄本身，而不是列出目錄裡的內容列表，參考示例4。(常用) -f：直接列出結果，而不進行排序(ls預設會以檔名排序) --color[=WHEN]：是否根據檔案型別顯示顏色，WHEN可以為never、always或者auto --full-time：以完整的實際模式顯示(包含年月日時分)，類似與ls -l --time-style=full-iso-g：列表顯示結果，和-l類似，但是不顯示檔案所屬者。 -h：將檔案內容大小以GB、KB等易讀的方式顯示，參考示例6。 -i：結合-l引數，列出每個檔案的inode，參考示例7。 -l：列出長資料串，顯示出檔案的屬性與許可權等資料資訊(常用) -n：和-l類似，只是顯示的所屬使用者和組不是名稱而是對應的id，參考示例8。 -r：--reverse，將排序結果以倒序方式顯示，參考示例9。 -S：以檔案大小排序，參考示例9。 -t：以修改時間排序 --help：顯示幫助資訊
ls命令示例
示例1：列出所有檔案(注意和-A引數的區別，結果裡面包括表示當前目錄.
..這兩個檔案)。
[[email protected] ~]# ls -a #列出所有檔案
. .. .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc install.log install.log.syslog
[[email protected] ~]# ls --all
. .. .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc install.log install.log.syslog示例2：列出所有的檔案，但不包括表示當前目錄.和上級目錄..這兩個檔案。
[[email protected] ~]# ls -A
.bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc install.log install.log.syslog
[[email protected] ~]# ls --almost-all
.bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc install.log install.log.syslog示例3：顯示列表並且以ctime排序
[[email protected] /]# ls -clt #和 -lt引數一起使用，以時間排序
total 146
drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Apr 13 06:23 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 Apr 13 05:18 dev
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 Apr 13 05:18 etc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 13 05:18 net
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 13 05:18 misc
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 13 05:16 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 13 05:16 sys
dr-xr-xr-x 150 root root 0 Apr 13 05:16 proc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 var
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot
drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 srv
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt
[[email protected] /]# ls -cl #和-l引數一起使用，以檔名排序並顯示時間
total 146
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 Apr 13 05:18 dev
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 Apr 13 05:18 etc
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 13 05:18 misc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 13 05:18 net
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 150 root root 0 Apr 13 05:16 proc
drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 13 05:16 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 srv
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 13 05:16 sys
drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Apr 13 06:23 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr
drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 var
[[email protected] /]# ls -c #單獨使用，以時間排序，但不顯示時間
tmp dev etc net misc selinux sys proc sbin bin lib64 root home lib mnt var boot usr media srv lost+found opt示例4：僅僅列出目錄本身，不需要列出目錄裡的內容
[root@localhost /]# ls -d /home #僅列出/home目錄本身
/home
[root@localhost /]# ls /home #列出/home目錄裡的內容
sgl software
# 加上-l引數，比較的更清楚一些：
[root@localhost /]# ls -ld /home
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 /home
[root@localhost /]# ls -l /home
total 16
drwx------ 16 sgl sgl 4096 Oct 17 2015 sgl
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 14 05:13 software
示例5：顯示完整時間
[[email protected] ~]# ls --full-time /
total 146
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2017-03-28 06:33:59.000000000 -0700 bin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 2015-10-17 08:08:24.000000000 -0700 boot
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 2017-04-14 21:22:27.241239736 -0700 dev
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 2017-04-14 21:22:24.000000000 -0700 etc
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 2016-11-18 22:05:32.000000000 -0800 home
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 2016-11-14 06:13:35.000000000 -0800 lib
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 2017-03-28 06:33:33.000000000 -0700 lib64
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 2015-10-17 08:01:52.000000000 -0700 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2011-05-11 04:58:23.000000000 -0700 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 2017-04-14 21:22:23.789239736 -0700 misc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 2015-10-17 08:16:39.000000000 -0700 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 2017-04-14 21:22:23.839239736 -0700 net
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 2015-10-17 00:17:25.000000000 -0700 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root 0 2017-04-14 21:21:02.005999666 -0700 proc
drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 2016-11-19 06:52:09.000000000 -0800 root
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 2017-03-28 06:34:07.000000000 -0700 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 2017-04-14 21:21:02.671999847 -0700 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 2011-05-11 04:58:23.000000000 -0700 srv
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 2017-04-14 21:21:02.657999847 -0700 sys
drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 2017-04-14 21:24:24.000000000 -0700 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 2015-10-17 08:04:13.000000000 -0700 usr
drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 2015-10-17 08:11:05.000000000 -0700 var示例6：以易讀方式顯示列表
[[email protected] ~]# ls -lh / #注意列表容量大小列的單位
total 146K
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K Mar 28 06:33 bin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1.0K Oct 17 2015 boot
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4.4K Apr 14 21:22 dev
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12K Apr 14 21:22 etc
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4.0K Nov 18 22:05 home
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4.0K Nov 14 06:13 lib
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4.0K Mar 28 06:33 lib64
drwx------ 2 root root 16K Oct 17 2015 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 misc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Oct 17 2015 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 net
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4.0K Oct 17 2015 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 proc
drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4.0K Nov 19 06:52 root
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12K Mar 28 06:34 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 11 2011 srv
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 sys
drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4.0K Apr 14 21:24 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4.0K Oct 17 2015 usr
drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4.0K Oct 17 2015 var
[[email protected] ~]# ls -l / #預設方式，以位元組為單位顯示
total 146
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 misc
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 net
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 proc
drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 sys
drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr
drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 var示例7：顯示inode
[[email protected] ~]# ls -li /
total 146
3717313 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
2 drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot
1071 drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev
1369537 drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc
1402145 drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
2380385 drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
2184737 drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
11 drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found
195649 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
14244 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 misc
1434753 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt
14249 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 net
391297 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt
1 dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 proc
65217 drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
3554273 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
591 drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux
1956481 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
1 drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 sys
3815137 drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp
3456449 drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr
2576033 drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 var示例8：列出資料夾內容，並顯示出檔案所屬使用者和組的id
[[email protected] ~]# ls -ln /
total 146
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot
drwxr-xr-x 12 0 0 4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev
drwxr-xr-x 93 0 0 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc
drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
drwxr-xr-x 11 0 0 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
drwxr-xr-x 8 0 0 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
drwx------ 2 0 0 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 media
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 0 Apr 14 21:22 misc
drwxr-xr-x 3 0 0 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 0 Apr 14 21:22 net
drwxr-xr-x 3 0 0 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt
dr-xr-xr-x 147 0 0 0 Apr 14 21:21 proc
drwxr-x--- 4 0 0 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 4 0 0 0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 May 11 2011 srv
drwxr-xr-x 11 0 0 0 Apr 14 21:21 sys
drwxrwxrwt 7 0 0 4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 15 0 0 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr
drwxr-xr-x 22 0 0 4096 Oct 17 2015 var示例9：以檔案大小排序(升序和降序)
[[email protected] ~]# ls -lS / #預設降序排序
total 146
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt
drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr
drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 var
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 misc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 net
dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 proc
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 sys
[[email protected] ~]# ls -lSr / #通過-r引數實現升序排列
total 146
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 sys
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 selinux
dr-xr-xr-x 147 root root 0 Apr 14 21:21 proc
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 net
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Apr 14 21:22 misc
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 17 2015 boot
drwxr-xr-x 22 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 var
drwxr-xr-x 15 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 usr
drwxrwxrwt 7 root root 4096 Apr 14 21:24 tmp
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 srv
drwxr-x--- 4 root root 4096 Nov 19 06:52 root
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 opt
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Oct 17 2015 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 May 11 2011 media
drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 lib64
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Nov 14 06:13 lib
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Nov 18 22:05 home
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 28 06:33 bin
drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 4440 Apr 14 21:22 dev
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Mar 28 06:34 sbin
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 12288 Apr 14 21:22 etc
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 17 2015 lost+found
注：本系列內容主要參考《鳥哥的linux私房菜》和CentOS系統自帶的幫助文件以及網上相關資料，示例都是基於CentOS。