Linux MySql 安裝與配置
為什麼選擇MySQL資料庫？
毫無疑問，絕大多數的使用linux作業系統的大中小型網際網路網站都在使用MySQL作為其後端的資料庫儲存，從大型的BAT門戶，到電商平臺，分類門戶等無一例都使用MySQL資料庫。
My Sql 資料庫優點：
1、效能卓越，服務穩定，很少出現異常宕機
2、開放原始碼且無版權約束，自主性及使用成本低
3、歷史悠久，社群及使用者非常活躍，遇到問題，可以尋求幫助
4、軟體體積小，安排使用簡單，並且易於維護，安裝及維護成本低
5、品牌口碑效應，使得企業無需考慮直接用之，LAMP,LEMP流行架構
6、支援多作業系統，提供多種API介面，支援多種開發語言，特別對流行的PHP語言有很好支援
linux軟體的安裝方式：
1、 yum/rpm：簡單 快，無法定製。
2、 編譯安裝：比較複雜，速度慢，可定製。
./configure;make;make install gmake;gmake insall
3、 二進位制包*****
直接解壓就能用（類似於綠色軟體，無需安裝） 簡單，快，不好定製。
下面我們選擇二進位制包方法：
1、建立mysql使用者
[[email protected] tools]# id mysql
id: mysql：無此使用者
[[email protected]
[[email protected] tools]# useradd -s /sbin/nologin -g mysql -M mysql
[[email protected] tools]# id mysql
uid=503(mysql) gid=503(mysql) 組=503(mysql)
[[email protected] tools]#
2、下載或上傳mysql二進位制軟體包並解壓
[[email protected] tools]# tar xf ./mysql-5.5.32-linux2.6-x86_64.tar.gz
[
總用量 182352
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 4096 1月 10 21:54 mysql-5.5.32-linux2.6-x86_64
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 186722932 1月 10 21:51 mysql-5.5.32-linux2.6-x86_64.tar.gz
3、將解壓的檔案移動到安裝目錄下，並做軟連線（隱藏版本號安全）
[[email protected] tools]# mv mysql-5.5.32-linux2.6-x86_64 /application/mysql-5.5.32
[[email protected] tools]# ln -s /application/mysql-5.5.32/ /application/mysql
[[email protected] tools]# ll /application/總用量 8l
rwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 26 1月 10 21:57 mysql -> /application/mysql-5.5.32/
drwxr-xr-x. 13 root root 4096 1月 10 21:54 mysql-5.5.32
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 25 12月 19 03:30 nginx -> /application/nginx-1.6.3/
drwxr-xr-x. 11 root root 4096 12月 20 21:12 nginx-1.6.3
[[email protected] tools]#
操作到此步驟相當於編譯安裝make install 之後。
4、初始化資料庫
[[email protected] tools]# /application/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db --basedir=/application/mysql/ --datadir=/application/mysql/data/ --user=mysql
Installing MySQL system tables...
OK
Filling help tables...
OK
解釋：
/application/mysql/scripts/mysql_install_db //指定安裝的命令
--basedir //指定mysql安裝的目錄
--datadir //存放資料檔案的目錄
--user //mysql使用者
5、授權mysql管理資料庫檔案
[[email protected] tools]# chown -R mysql.mysql /application/mysql/
[[email protected] tools]# cd /application/mysql/
[[email protected] mysql]# ll support-files/*.cnf
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 4691 6月 19 2013 support-files/my-huge.cnf
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 19759 6月 19 2013 support-files/my-innodb-heavy-4G.cnf
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 4665 6月 19 2013 support-files/my-large.cnf
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 4676 6月 19 2013 support-files/my-medium.cnf
-rw-r--r--. 1 mysql mysql 2840 6月 19 2013 support-files/my-small.cnf
[[email protected] mysql]#
6、生成mysql配置檔案
\cp /application/mysql/support-files/my-small.cnf /etc/my.cnf
7、配置啟動mysql
[[email protected] mysql]# sed -i 's#/usr/local/mysql#/application/mysql#g' /application/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe
[[email protected] mysql]# /application/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe &
[1] 1581
[[email protected] mysql]# 190110 22:29:53 mysqld_safe Logging to '/application/mysql/data/lamp0
1.err'.190110 22:29:53 mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /application/mysql/
data
[[email protected] mysql]# lsof -i :3306
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
mysqld 1799 mysql 10u IPv4 21901 0t0 TCP *:mysql (LISTEN)
[[email protected] mysql]#
8、配置環境變數
vi /etc/profile
PATH="/application/mysql/bin:$PATH"
source /etc/profile
也可以把mysql命令放到已經有環境變數的路徑裡
[[email protected] mysql]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin
[[email protected] mysql]# cp /application/mysql/bin/* /usr/local/sbin/
[[email protected] mysql]# which mysql
/usr/local/sbin/mysql
[[email protected] mysql]#
9、登陸測試
[[email protected] mysql]# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.5.32 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
出現以上提示符表示mysql已經安裝ok了。如果安裝時或者工作中有問題，可以看錯誤日誌分析問題原因：
cat /application/mysql/data/mysql-server.err
10、設定及更改mysql密碼
[[email protected] mysql]# mysqladmin -uroot password "123456"
[[email protected] mysql]# mysql
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: NO)
[[email protected] mysql]# mysql -uroot -p123456
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.5.32 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
更改密碼：
[[email protected] mysql]# mysqladmin -uroot -p123456 password "bqh123"
[[email protected] mysql]# mysql -uroot -p123456
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
[[email protected] mysql]# mysql -uroot -pbqh123
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 7
Server version: 5.5.32 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
為了安全起見，我們在登陸時，採用互動式登陸
[[email protected] mysql]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 8
Server version: 5.5.32 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
11、安全優化：刪除不必要的庫和使用者
刪除test庫：dro database test;
刪除無用使用者（保留root和localhost）
drop user '使用者'@‘主機’;
注意：主機大寫或者特殊字元刪不了，需用
delete from mysql.user where user='使用者' and host='主機大寫或特殊字元';
如果不小心把這兩個也給刪除了，恢復方法：
grant all on *.* to ‘root’@localhostt identified by ‘密碼’ with grant option;
flush privileges; #重新整理許可權
mysql簡單的命令：
檢視所有庫：show databases;
切庫：use mysql;
檢視使用者列表：select user,host from mysql.user
檢視當前使用者：select user();
檢視當前所在庫：select database();
刪除資料庫：drop database 庫名；
刪除使用者：drop user '使用者'@'主機';