1、fork (fork /directory/script.sh)

fork是最普通的, 就是直接在腳本里面用/directory/script.sh來呼叫script.sh這個指令碼.
執行的時候開一個sub-shell執行呼叫的指令碼，sub-shell執行的時候, parent-shell還在。
sub-shell執行完畢後返回parent-shell. sub-shell從parent-shell繼承環境變數.但是sub-shell中的環境變數不會帶回parent-shell

2、exec (exec /directory/script.sh)

exec與fork不同，不需要新開一個sub-shell來執行被呼叫的指令碼.  被呼叫的指令碼與父指令碼在同一個shell內執行。但是使用exec
 
呼叫一個新指令碼以後, 父指令碼中exec行之後的內容就不會再執行了。這是exec和source的區別

3、source (source /directory/script.sh)

與fork的區別是不新開一個sub-shell來執行被呼叫的指令碼，而是在同一個shell中執行. 所以被呼叫的指令碼中宣告的變數和環境變數, 都可以在主指令碼中得到和使用.

4、示例
a、1.sh

#!/bin/bash
A=B
echo "PID for 1.sh before exec/source/fork:$$"
export A
echo "1.sh: \$A is $A"
case $1 in
 

        exec)
                echo "using exec…"
                exec ./2.sh ;;
        source)
                echo "using source…"
                . ./2.sh ;;
        *)
                echo "using fork by default…"
                ./2.sh ;;
esac
echo "PID for 1.sh after exec/source/fork:$$"
echo "1.sh: \$A is $A
 
"

b、2.sh

#!/bin/bash
echo "PID for 2.sh: $$"
echo "2.sh get \$A=$A from 1.sh"
A=C
export A
echo "2.sh: \$A is $A"

5、執行情況

$ ./1.sh    
PID for 1.sh before exec/source/fork:5845364
1.sh: $A is B
using fork by default…
PID for 2.sh: 5242940
2.sh get $A=B from 1.sh
2.sh: $A is C
PID for 1.sh after exec/source/fork:5845364
1.sh: $A is B
$ ./1.sh exec
PID for 1.sh before exec/source/fork:5562668
1.sh: $A is B
using exec…
PID for 2.sh: 5562668
2.sh get $A=B from 1.sh
2.sh: $A is C
$ ./1.sh source
PID for 1.sh before exec/source/fork:5156894
1.sh: $A is B
using source…
PID for 2.sh: 5156894
2.sh get $A=B from 1.sh
2.sh: $A is C
PID for 1.sh after exec/source/fork:5156894
1.sh: $A is C
$