SCI論文全攻略之構思與撰文(二)
轉自 科學網
五、撰寫論文初稿(writing the first draft):
(1)材料和方法(methods and materials):做了什麼和怎樣做?材料和方法是文章開始寫作的最理想部分,這部分的內容作者最瞭解。寫作要求:用過去時,儘可能按實驗的先後順序描述。
(2)結果(results):發生了什麼?基本寫作要求:可用圖、表或文字表達,三者間儘量減少重複。在正文部分敘述主要結果和意義,用圖或表給出較詳細的資料,用過去時。
(3)討論(discussion):所得結果是否為“前言”提出的關鍵問題的答案?結果是如何支援答案的、如何證實假說的?基本寫作要求:集中討論與本結果有關的問題,突出本研究的創新及重要性,;與相關研究結果進行比較分析;給出結果所支援的結論;指出前景、不足和改進。用現在時敘述已知或被證明的事實,用過去時描述本研究結果。
(4)文獻(references):與本研究方法、結果、討論有關的其它研究有哪些?準確完整規範著錄。
(5)前言(introduction)本研究的背景和目的是什麼?試圖回答的關鍵問題是什麼?基本寫作要求:本研究之目的和重要性;簡要複習文獻。
(6)致謝(acknowledgment):除了作者,誰協助完成了本研究、分析結果並撰寫論文?誰提供了基金和物質幫助?寫作要求:僅列出對本工作提供特殊的實質性貢獻者姓名;須得到被致謝者同意。
(7)摘要(abstract):論文告訴我們什麼(通常<250字)?摘要是論文要點的濃縮,應在文章各主要部分完成後再寫,這樣有利於文章要點的提煉。優秀的摘要能有效抓住讀者興趣。寫作要求:用含有必要詞彙的短的簡單句,以使摘要清楚而簡潔?
(8)文題(title):本文關於什麼?最佳文題的標準是用最少的必要術語準確描述論文的內容。寫作要求:準確(accuracy)、簡潔(brevity)、有效(effectiveness)和吸引人。
(9)作者(author list):誰參與了本研究的設計、工作及論文的撰寫?
(10)準備論文最後一稿(preparing the final manuscript):論文初稿完成以後,必須對內容及格式進行反覆推敲和修改,達到“投稿須知”的一切要求。絕大多數有經驗的編輯都認為:不認真準備的稿件絕不是高水平科學研究成果的良好載體(A poorly prepared manuscript is
六、英語學術論文寫作的幾個細節
A. 時態:當提到本文、此圖、此表等說明了、表達了什麼時要用一般現在時,而不用一般過去時。This paper describes ……The focus of this paper is ……Figure 1 shows ……Most of the common condensation polymers are listed in Table 1-1.
B. 數:在學術論文裡,有時很難顧及數的邏輯。但一般不將邏輯上的問題視為語法錯誤。只須注意在一個句子中的數和謂語動詞的統一即可。單、複數的選用有一些非定性、但可供參考的趨向:
◆◆當含意上強調複數時建議用複數。The catalyst concentrations for the different reactions are different.Our research focuses on the syntheses and characterizations of a series of polycarbonates with different chemical structures.The physical and chemical properties of this compound have been studied.The chain lengths of the oligomers with different molecular weights are different.
◆◆當含意上不強調複數時可用單數或複數。Our research focuses on the synthesis of polycarbonates.The property of the compounds in group 1 is different from the property of the compounds in group 2.The chain length of the oligomers increases with increasing reaction time.
◆◆在標題、小標題中或描述一類事物、現象等,提到具體物質時常用複數。【Polyesters】Polymers are macromolecules built up by large numbers of small molecules. The small molecules which combine with each other to form polymer molecules are termed monomers.在標題、小標題或描述一類事物、現象等,提到抽象概念時可用單數、也可用複數。【Step Copolymerization】Newer Types of Step Polymerizations. This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail.
◆◆學術論文、有關學術的科普文章中的名詞的可數或不可數特性的劃分區別於非學術文章《非學術文章中的可數或不可數特性可從字典查到》。以下是在學術文章中通常視為可數名詞的單詞:《但在一般字典中它們或它們做某種含義解時可能被劃歸不可數名詞》。
application development consideration
composition concentration distribution
structure length weight
◆◆當同時提及幾個圖、表、方程式時要用複數(分別單個地提及則不用):The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equations 2 and 3. The reaction rate constant can be calculated from Equation 2 and Equation 3. Figs. 4 and 5 show ……
C. 冠詞:
◆◆單數名詞前一般要加冠詞:a , the等;但以下情況可不加:表示不特指的、較抽象的概念:
This chapter will consider the characteristics of step polymerization in detail. An understanding of the relative ease of cyclization or linear polymerization comes from a variety of sources.Different polymers are synthesized to yield various mechanical behaviors by the appropriate combinations of crystallinity, crosslinking, Tg, and Tm..但需注意這些單詞前加冠詞也是經常見到的,這是由它在句中的含義決定的(如有一定的特指意義):Polyisoprene is a typical elastomer – it is amorphous, easily crossed, has a low Tg (-73°C) and a high Tm (14°C).
◆◆目錄、標題中通常省略冠詞:
1 Introduction
1-1 Types of Polymers and Polymerizations
…
1-4 Molecular Weight
1-5 Physical State
圖、表的題目中有時可省略冠詞:Fig. 2-2 Second order plot of the self-catalyzed polyesterification of adipic acid with diethylene glycol at 166 °C.……Fig. 8 Dependence of the ease of cyclization on the size of the ring.化學藥品、化學物質前通常不加冠詞:The polymerization is catalyzed by protonic or lewis acids although a wide variety of base catalysts such as calcium acetate and antimony trioxide can also be used.圖中的橫、縱座標的名稱前不加冠詞。
D. 大小寫:請注意以下結構的大、小寫:當提及具體第幾章、節;圖、表;方程式時,首個字母通常要大寫。As discussed in Chapter 2, ……In Section 1.2, we ……As shown in Figure 1, ……The results are listed in Table 3.當不指明是第幾章、節;圖、表;方程式時,首個字母如在句中通常用小寫。In the previous chapter, ……As shown in this figure, ……
E. 縮寫:以下全名和縮寫在文中通常視為同等,可以互換。
Figure Fig. Figures Figs.
Table Tab.
Chapter Chap.
Section Sec.
Equation Eq. Equations Eqs.
F. 一些常用詞彙用法
◆◆research, study, investigate:research可做名詞、動詞,但通常做名詞用,很少見到動詞的用法。句中需要動詞時常用study或investigate來表達。
◆◆detail/detailed:The properties of this compound were studied in detail.//The detailed properties of this compound were studied.//The details of the properties of this compound were studied.
◆◆follows/following:The results are as follows: ……//We got following results: ……
◆◆increase, decrease:均可做名詞和動詞,We can observe an increase in the reaction rate.//The reaction rate increases.
◆◆focus, concentrate:focus: n. , v. The focus of this paper is ……This paper focuses on ……Our study focuses on……We focus our study on ……Our study is focused on ……concentrate: v. We concentrate our study on ……Our study is concentrated on ……
◆◆effect, affect:effect: n. //affect: v.
◆◆compose, consist:A is composed of B and C.//A consists of B and C.
◆◆increase, improve:increase: 主要指數值上的增加。improve: 主要指性質的增加、改善。
G. 名詞修飾:在學術文章中,很多時候會用到直接用名詞做修飾,而不用’s 或…… of ……的形式。常見的這類詞有:reaction rate;reaction rate constant;reaction temperature;reaction condition
molecular weight distribution……
H. 分詞修飾:the reaction we studied;the temperature used;the nonlinearity observed。所有格:非人的所有格用……of……, 而不用……’s 。