轉自：http://lizhenliang.blog.51cto.com/7876557/1875330

在寫指令碼時，放到後臺執行，想知道執行情況，會通過郵件、SMS（簡訊）、飛信、微信等方式通知管理員，用的最多的是郵件。在linux下，Shell指令碼傳送郵件告警是件很簡單的事，有現成的郵件服務軟體或者呼叫運營商郵箱伺服器。

對於Python來說，需要編寫指令碼呼叫郵件伺服器來發送郵件，使用的協議是SMTP。接收郵件，使用的協議是POP3和IMAP。我想有必要說明下 ，POP3和IMAP的區別：POP3在客戶端郵箱中所做的操作不會反饋到郵箱伺服器，比如刪除一封郵件，郵箱伺服器並不會刪除。IMAP則會反饋到郵箱伺服器，會做相應的操作。

Python分別提供了收發郵件的庫，smtplib、poplib和imaplib。

本章主要講解如果使用smtplib庫實現傳送各種形式的郵件內容。在smtplib庫中，主要主要用smtplib.SMTP()類，用於連線SMTP伺服器，傳送郵件。

這個類有幾個常用的方法：

看下官方給的示例：

>>> import smtplib
>>> s=smtplib.SMTP("localhost")
>>> tolist=["[email protected]","[email protected]","[email protected]","[email protected]"]
>>> msg = '''\
     ... From: [email protected]
     ... Subject: testin'...
     ...
     ... This is a test '''
>>> s.sendmail("[email protected]",tolist,msg)
     { "[email protected]" : ( 550 ,"User unknown" ) }
>>> s.quit()

我們根據示例給自己發一個郵件測試下：

我這裡測試使用本地的SMTP伺服器，也就是要裝一個支援SMTP協議的服務，比如sendmail、postfix等。

CentOS安裝sendmail：yum install sendmail

>>> import smtplib
>>> s = smtplib.SMTP("localhost")
>>> tolist = ["[email protected]", "[email protected]"]
>>> msg = '''\
... From: [email protected]
... Subject: test
... This is a test '''
>>> s.sendmail("[email protected]", tolist, msg)
{}

可以看到，多個收件人可以放到一個列表中進行群發。msg物件裡From表示發件人，Subject是郵件標題，換行後輸入的是郵件內容。

上面是使用本地SMTP伺服器傳送的郵件，測試下用163伺服器傳送郵件看看效果：

>>> import smtplib
>>> s = smtplib.SMTP("smtp.163.com")
>>> s.login("[email protected]", "xxx")
(235, 'Authentication successful')
>>> tolist = ["[email protected]", "[email protected]"]
>>> msg = '''\
... From: [email protected]
... Subject: test
... This is a test '''
>>> s.sendmail("[email protected]", tolist, msg)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/usr/lib64/python2.6/smtplib.py", line 725, in sendmail
    raise SMTPDataError(code, resp)
smtplib.SMTPDataError: (554, 'DT:SPM 163 smtp10,DsCowAAXIdDIJAtYkZiTAA--.65425S2 1477125592,please see http://mail.163.com/help/help_spam_16.htm?ip=119.57.73.67&hostid=smtp10&time=1477125592')

訪問給出的163網址，SMTP554錯誤是： "554 DT:SUM 信封發件人和信頭髮件人不匹配；"

大概已經明白啥意思，看上面再使用本地SMTP伺服器時候，收件人位置是“undisclosed-recipients”，看這樣163的SMTP伺服器不給我們服務的原因就是這裡收件人沒指定。

重新修改下msg物件，新增上收件人：

>>> msg = '''\           
... From: [email protected]
... To: [email protected] ,[email protected]
... Subject: test
...
... This is a test '''
>>> s.sendmail("[email protected]", tolist, msg)
{}

好了，可以正常傳送郵件了。msg這個格式是SMTP規定的，一定要遵守。

1、Python傳送郵件並抄送

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import smtplib
def sendMail(body):
    smtp_server = 'smtp.163.com'
    from_mail = '[email protected]'
    mail_pass = 'xxx'
    to_mail = ['[email protected]', '[email protected]']
    cc_mail = ['[email protected]']
    from_name = 'monitor' 
    subject = u'監控'.encode('gbk')   # 以gbk編碼傳送，一般郵件客戶端都能識別
#     msg = '''\
# From: %s <%s>
# To: %s
# Subject: %s
# %s''' %(from_name, from_mail, to_mail_str, subject, body)  # 這種方式必須將郵件頭資訊靠左，也就是每行開頭不能用空格，否則報SMTP 554
    mail = [
        "From: %s <%s>" % (from_name, from_mail),
        "To: %s" % ','.join(to_mail),   # 轉成字串，以逗號分隔元素
        "Subject: %s" % subject,
        "Cc: %s" % ','.join(cc_mail),
        "",
        body
        ]
    msg = '\n'.join(mail)  # 這種方式先將頭資訊放到列表中，然後用join拼接，並以換行符分隔元素，結果就是和上面註釋一樣了
    try:
        s = smtplib.SMTP()
        s.connect(smtp_server, '25')
        s.login(from_mail, mail_pass)
        s.sendmail(from_mail, to_mail+cc_mail, msg)   
        s.quit()
    except smtplib.SMTPException as e:
        print "Error: %s" %e
if __name__ == "__main__":
    sendMail("This is a test!")

s.sendmail(from_mail, to_mail+cc_mail, msg) 在這裡注意下，收件人和抄送人為什麼放一起傳送呢？其實無論是收件人還是抄送人，它們收到的郵件都是一樣的，SMTP都是認為收件人這樣一封一封的發出。所以實際上並沒有抄送這個概念，只是在郵件頭加了抄送人的資訊罷了！另外，如果不需要抄送人，直接把上面cc的資訊去掉即可。

2 Python傳送郵件帶附件

由於SMTP.sendmail()方法不支援新增附件，所以可以使用email模組來滿足需求。email模組是一個構造郵件和解析郵件的模組。

先看下如何用email庫構造一個簡單的郵件：

message = Message()
message['Subject'] = '郵件主題'
message['From'] = from_mail
message['To'] = to_mail
message['Cc'] = cc_mail
message.set_payload('郵件內容')

基本的格式就是這樣的！

繼續回到主題，傳送郵件帶附件：

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.header import Header
from email import encoders
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email.utils import parseaddr, formataddr
# 格式化郵件地址
def formatAddr(s):
    name, addr = parseaddr(s)
    return formataddr((Header(name, 'utf-8').encode(), addr))
def sendMail(body, attachment):
    smtp_server = 'smtp.163.com'
    from_mail = '[email protected]'
    mail_pass = 'xxx'
    to_mail = ['[email protected]', '[email protected]']
    # 構造一個MIMEMultipart物件代表郵件本身
    msg = MIMEMultipart()
    # Header對中文進行轉碼
    msg['From'] = formatAddr('管理員 <%s>' % from_mail).encode()
    msg['To'] = ','.join(to_mail)
    msg['Subject'] = Header('監控', 'utf-8').encode()
    # plain代表純文字
    msg.attach(MIMEText(body, 'plain', 'utf-8'))
    # 二進位制方式模式檔案
    with open(attachment, 'rb') as f:
        # MIMEBase表示附件的物件
        mime = MIMEBase('text', 'txt', filename=attachment)
        # filename是顯示附件名字
        mime.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=attachment)
        # 獲取附件內容
        mime.set_payload(f.read())
        encoders.encode_base64(mime)
        # 作為附件新增到郵件
        msg.attach(mime)
    try:
        s = smtplib.SMTP()
        s.connect(smtp_server, "25")
        s.login(from_mail, mail_pass)
        s.sendmail(from_mail, to_mail, msg.as_string())  # as_string()把MIMEText物件變成str
        s.quit()
    except smtplib.SMTPException as e:
        print "Error: %s" % e
if __name__ == "__main__":
    sendMail('附件是測試資料, 請查收！', 'test.txt')

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.header import Header
from email.utils import parseaddr, formataddr
# 格式化郵件地址
def formatAddr(s):
    name, addr = parseaddr(s)
    return formataddr((Header(name, 'utf-8').encode(), addr))
def sendMail(body):
    smtp_server = 'smtp.163.com'
    from_mail = '[email protected]'
    mail_pass = 'xxx'
    to_mail = ['[email protected]', '[email protected]']
    # 構造一個MIMEMultipart物件代表郵件本身
    msg = MIMEMultipart() 
    # Header對中文進行轉碼
    msg['From'] = formatAddr('管理員 <%s>' % from_mail).encode()
    msg['To'] = ','.join(to_mail)
    msg['Subject'] = Header('監控', 'utf-8').encode()
    msg.attach(MIMEText(body, 'html', 'utf-8'))
    try:
        s = smtplib.SMTP()     
        s.connect(smtp_server, "25")   
        s.login(from_mail, mail_pass)
        s.sendmail(from_mail, to_mail, msg.as_string())  # as_string()把MIMEText物件變成str     
        s.quit()
    except smtplib.SMTPException as e:
        print "Error: %s" % e
if __name__ == "__main__":
    body = """
    <h1>測試郵件</h1>
    <h2 style="color:red">This is a test</h1>
    """
    sendMail(body)

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.header import Header
from email.utils import parseaddr, formataddr
# 格式化郵件地址
def formatAddr(s):
    name, addr = parseaddr(s)
    return formataddr((Header(name, 'utf-8').encode(), addr))
def sendMail(body, image):
    smtp_server = 'smtp.163.com'
    from_mail = '[email protected]'
    mail_pass = 'xxx'
    to_mail = ['[email protected]', '[email protected]']
    # 構造一個MIMEMultipart物件代表郵件本身
    msg = MIMEMultipart() 
    # Header對中文進行轉碼
    msg['From'] = formatAddr('管理員 <%s>' % from_mail).encode()
    msg['To'] = ','.join(to_mail)
    msg['Subject'] = Header('監控', 'utf-8').encode()
    msg.attach(MIMEText(body, 'html', 'utf-8'))
    # 二進位制模式讀取圖片
    with open(image, 'rb') as f:
        msgImage = MIMEImage(f.read())
    # 定義圖片ID
    msgImage.add_header('Content-ID', '<image1>')
    msg.attach(msgImage)
    try:
        s = smtplib.SMTP()     
        s.connect(smtp_server, "25")   
        s.login(from_mail, mail_pass)
        s.sendmail(from_mail, to_mail, msg.as_string())  # as_string()把MIMEText物件變成str     
        s.quit()
    except smtplib.SMTPException as e:
        print "Error: %s" % e
if __name__ == "__main__":
    body = """
    <h1>測試圖片</h1>
    <img src="cid:image1"/>    # 引用圖片
    """
    sendMail(body, 'test.png')