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Linux Kernel 學習筆記5:字元裝置

(本章基於:linux-4.4.0-37)

本章介紹如何註冊一個字元裝置,並通過裝置節點對這個字元裝置進行open、close、read、write等操作。

一、字元設備註冊

相關標頭檔案:linux/cdev.h

1、初始化

void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, struct file_operations *fops);

1)        待初始化裝置

2)        Fops結構

cdev_init(&my_dev,&hello_fops);

hello_dev.owner= THIS_MODULE;    //必要的成員初始化

hello_dev.ops =&hello_fops;

2、新增裝置

intcdev_add(struct cdev *dev, dev_t num, unsigned int count);

1)        待新增的裝置

2)        裝置響應的第一個裝置號

3)        響應的裝置個數

result = cdev_add(&hello_dev,MKDEV(hello_major, hello_minor), 1);

3、刪除裝置

voidcdev_del(struct cdev *dev);

1)        待刪除的裝置

cdev_del(&hello_dev);

二、定義檔案操作

相關標頭檔案:linux/fs.h

使用struct file_operations 結構定義檔案操作

static struct file_operations myFops = {
        .owner = THIS_MODULE,
        .read = my_read,
        .write = my_write,
        .open = my_open,
        .release = my_release,
};

三、介面解析

int (*open)(struct inode *, struct file *);

open方法主要進行下列操作

1)        檢查裝置特定的錯誤;

2)        如果他是第一次開啟,初始化該裝置;

int (*release)(struct inode *, struct file *);

release主要用來釋放open時所申請的各種資源,並關閉裝置。

注意:並不是每次close()都會執行release,fork出的子程序可以不用open來建立開啟檔案的拷貝,但每個拷貝都會在程序終止時關閉。核心中維持一個檔案結構被使用多少次的計數,當計數為0 時才真正呼叫release,這樣的機制保證了一次open只進行一次release。(備註:flush在每次close時都會被呼叫,但一般驅動很少實現flush)。

ssize_t (*read)(struct file *file, char __user *user, size_t size, loff_t *offp);

ssize_t (*write)(struct file *fule, const char __user *user, size_t size, loff_t *offp);

file: 檔案指標;

count:請求傳輸資料大小;

user:指向持有被寫入資料的快取,或放入新資料的空快取;

offp:當前存取的檔案位置;

四、核心空間、使用者空間資料互動

static inlinelong copy_from_user(void *to,

           const void __user * from, unsignedlong n)

從使用者空間from拷貝n位元組資料到to

static inlinelong copy_to_user(void __user *to,

           const void *from, unsigned long n)

從核心空間from拷貝n位元組資料到使用者空間to

這兩個函式返回未拷貝資料的大小,也就是說返回0 表示已拷貝所有資料。

例:

hello.c

#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/stat.h>
#include <linux/kdev_t.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>

static dev_t devId;
static struct class *cls = NULL;
static struct cdev myDev;

static int
my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
        printk(KERN_WARNING "open success!\n");
        return 0;
}

static int
my_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
        printk(KERN_WARNING "close success!\n");
        return 0;
}

static int
my_read(struct file *file, char __user *user, size_t size, loff_t *loff)
{
        char buf[] = "read kernel data!";
        size_t readSize;

        (sizeof(buf) > size)? (readSize = size) : (readSize = sizeof(buf));
        if(copy_to_user(user, buf, readSize) != 0) {
                return -EFAULT;
        }

        return readSize;
}

static int
my_write(struct file *file, const char __user *user, size_t size, loff_t *loff)
{
        char buf[64];
        size_t writeSize;

        (sizeof(buf) - 1 > size) ? (writeSize = size) : (writeSize = sizeof(buf) - 1);
        memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
        if(copy_from_user(buf, user, writeSize) != 0) {
                return -EFAULT;
        }
        printk(KERN_ALERT "kernel read data:%s\n", buf);
        return writeSize;
}

//定義檔案操作
static struct file_operations myFops = {
        .owner = THIS_MODULE,
        .read = my_read,
        .write = my_write,
        .open = my_open,
        .release = my_release,
};

static void
hello_cleanup(void)
{
        cdev_del(&myDev);
        device_destroy(cls, devId);
        class_destroy(cls);
        unregister_chrdev_region(devId, 1);
}

static __init int hello_init(void)
{
        int result;

        //動態註冊裝置號
        if(( result = alloc_chrdev_region(&devId, 0, 1, "stone-alloc-dev") ) != 0) {
                printk(KERN_WARNING "register dev id error:%d\n", result);
                goto err;
        } else {
                printk(KERN_WARNING "register dev id success!\n");
        }
        //動態建立裝置節點
        cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "stone-class");
        if(IS_ERR(cls)) {
                printk(KERN_WARNING "create class error!\n");
                goto err;
        }
        if(device_create(cls, NULL, devId, "", "hello%d", 0) == NULL) {
                printk(KERN_WARNING "create device error!\n");
                goto err;
        }
        //字元設備註冊
        myDev.owner = THIS_MODULE;      //必要的成員初始化
        myDev.ops = &myFops;
        cdev_init(&myDev, &myFops);
        //新增一個裝置
        result = cdev_add(&myDev, devId, 1);
        if(result != 0) {
                printk(KERN_WARNING "add cdev error!\n");
                goto err;
        }

        printk(KERN_ALERT "hello init success!\n");
        return 0;
err:
        hello_cleanup();
        return -1;
}

static __exit void hello_exit(void)
{
        hello_cleanup();
        printk(KERN_WARNING "helloworld exit!\n");
}

module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_exit);

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Stone");

使用者層應用程式:

a.c:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

int
main(void)
{
        int fd;
        char buf[100];
        int size;

        fd = open("/dev/hello0", O_RDWR);
        if(!fd) {
                perror("open");
                exit(-1);
        }

        memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
        size = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
        if(size < 0) {
                close(fd);
                printf("read error!\n");
                exit(1);
        }
        printf("read %d:%s\n", size, buf);

        size = write(fd, "write data to kernel!\n", 23);
        if(size < 0) {
                close(fd);
                printf("read error!\n");
                exit(1);
        }
        printf("write %d\n", size);

        close(fd);
        return 0;
}