掛載硬碟對於linux系統來講是一個比較常見的問題了，下面我們來看看linux中掛載新硬碟到目錄，並開機自動掛載例子緊，   

今天，在整理圖片時，發現根目錄硬碟空間已經所剩無幾了，而網站和所有相關檔案主要放置在根下data目錄（/data）裡，但/home下是有空間，而又不想把檔案放到/home下面去，只有再加一個新硬碟，對以後/data目錄的檔案管理也比較好。

那麼就先關掉主機，再加上新硬碟（其它電腦使用過的500G硬碟），插上後再啟動電腦。

接下來，就開始工作了：

1. 檢視硬碟資訊：

[email protected]:~$ sudo df -h
檔案系統                                                容量  已用  可用 已用% 掛載點
rootfs                                                  102G   92G  4.7G   96% /
udev                                                     10M     0   10M    0% /dev
tmpfs                                                   799M  1.8M  798M    1% /run
/dev/disk/by-uuid/3640f24a-4870-42e2-ae07-109cb9c35164  102G   92G  4.7G   96% /
tmpfs                                                   5.0M     0  5.0M    0% /run/lock
tmpfs                                                   4.6G  224K  4.6G    1% /run/shm
/dev/sda7                                                92M   26M   62M   30% /boot
/dev/sda9                                               201G   23G  169G   12% /home

[email protected]:~$ sudo fdisk -l
 
Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x3f1e271a
 
   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1              63   102414374    51207156    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sdb2       102414375   976768064   437176845    f  W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sdb5       102414438   409625369   153605466    b  W95 FAT32
/dev/sdb6       409625433   716836364   153605466    b  W95 FAT32
/dev/sdb7       716836428   976768064   129965818+   7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
 
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc35aebd4
 
   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *          63   104872319    52436128+   7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2       104872381   976771071   435949345+   f  W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5       104872383   231962534    63545076    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6       231962598   300929579    34483491    b  W95 FAT32
/dev/sda7       300931072   301125631       97280   83  Linux
/dev/sda8       301127680   517726207   108299264   83  Linux
/dev/sda9       517728256   945461247   213866496   83  Linux
/dev/sda10      945463296   976771071    15653888   82  Linux swap / Solaris
我們可以看到有兩個硬碟，sda和sdb，其中sda是目前使用中的硬碟，sdb是新加上去的硬碟。

2. 針對sdb建立新硬碟分割槽：

先說明一下，fdisk 可以用 m 命令來看 fdisk 命令的內部命令：
a ：命令指定啟動分割槽
d ：命令刪除一個存在的分割槽
l ：命令顯示分割槽 ID 號的列表
m ：檢視 fdisk 命令幫助
n ：命令建立一個新分割槽
p ：命令顯示分割槽列表
t ：命令修改分割槽的型別 ID 號
w ：命令是將對分割槽表的修改存檔讓它發生作用
[email protected]:~$ su
密碼：
[email protected]:/home/feigo# fdisk /dev/sdb
 
Command (m for help): m
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag
   b   edit bsd disklabel
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag
   d   delete a partition
   l   list known partition types
   m   print this menu
   n   add a new partition
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table
   p   print the partition table
   q   quit without saving changes
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel
   t   change a partition's system id
   u   change display/entry units
   v   verify the partition table
   w   write table to disk and exit
   x   extra functionality (experts only)
由於sdb硬碟上已經有幾個分割槽，人們需要先刪除這些分割槽：
Command (m for help): d                # 刪除分割槽，依次輸入數字
Partition number (1-7): 7
 
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6): 6
 
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-5): 5
 
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-5): 2
 
Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1
 
Command (m for help): w                    # 儲存
The partition table has been altered!
 
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

再次檢視硬碟分割槽資訊，將會看到所有分割槽已被刪除：
[email protected]:/home/feigo# fdisk -l
 
Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x3f1e271a
 
   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
 
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc35aebd4
 
   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *          63   104872319    52436128+   7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2       104872381   976771071   435949345+   f  W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5       104872383   231962534    63545076    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6       231962598   300929579    34483491    b  W95 FAT32
/dev/sda7       300931072   301125631       97280   83  Linux
/dev/sda8       301127680   517726207   108299264   83  Linux
/dev/sda9       517728256   945461247   213866496   83  Linux
/dev/sda10      945463296   976771071    15653888   82  Linux swap / Solaris

在之前的命令列表上面看到，n代表建立新硬碟分割槽，那麼接下我們輸入n命令來建立新分割槽：
[email protected]:/home/feigo# fdisk /dev/sdb
 
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-976773167, default 2048): 
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-976773167, default 976773167): 
Using default value 976773167
 
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
 
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
完成，再檢視，已經發現多了一個sdb1的分割槽：
[email protected]:/home/feigo# fdisk -l
 
Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
81 heads, 63 sectors/track, 191411 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x3f1e271a
 
   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1            2048   976773167   488385560   83  Linux
 
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0xc35aebd4
 
   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1   *          63   104872319    52436128+   7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2       104872381   976771071   435949345+   f  W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5       104872383   231962534    63545076    7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6       231962598   300929579    34483491    b  W95 FAT32
/dev/sda7       300931072   301125631       97280   83  Linux
/dev/sda8       301127680   517726207   108299264   83  Linux
/dev/sda9       517728256   945461247   213866496   83  Linux
/dev/sda10      945463296   976771071    15653888   82  Linux swap / Solaris

3. 格式化分割槽為ext4：

[email protected]:/home/feigo# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.42.5 (29-Jul-2012)
檔案系統標籤=
OS type: Linux
塊大小=4096 (log=2)
分塊大小=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
30531584 inodes, 122096390 blocks
6104819 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
第一個資料塊=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
3727 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 
 4096000, 7962624, 11239424, 20480000, 23887872, 71663616, 78675968, 
 102400000
 
Allocating group tables: 完成                            
正在寫入inode表: 完成                            
Creating journal (32768 blocks): 完成
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
格式化完成，可以使用parted命令檢視/dev/sdb的分割槽格式：
[email protected]:/home/feigo# parted
GNU Parted 2.3
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) help                                                             
  align-check TYPE N                        check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment
  check NUMBER                             do a simple check on the file system
  cp [FROM-DEVICE] FROM-NUMBER TO-NUMBER   copy file system to another partition
  help [COMMAND]                           print general help, or help on COMMAND
  mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE               create a new disklabel (partition table)
  mkfs NUMBER FS-TYPE                      make a FS-TYPE file system on partition NUMBER
  mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END     make a partition
  mkpartfs PART-TYPE FS-TYPE START END     make a partition with a file system
  move NUMBER START END                    move partition NUMBER
  name NUMBER NAME                         name partition NUMBER as NAME
  print [devices|free|list,all|NUMBER]     display the partition table, available devices, free space, all found partitions, or a particular partition
  quit                                     exit program
  rescue START END                         rescue a lost partition near START and END
  resize NUMBER START END                  resize partition NUMBER and its file system
  rm NUMBER                                delete partition NUMBER
  select DEVICE                            choose the device to edit
  set NUMBER FLAG STATE                    change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
  toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]]                   toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
  unit UNIT                                set the default unit to UNIT
  version                                  display the version number and copyright information of GNU Parted
(parted) select /dev/sdb                                                  
Using /dev/sdb
(parted) print                                                            
Model: ATA ST3500413AS (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 500GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
 
Number  Start   End    Size   Type     File system  Flags
 1      1049kB  500GB  500GB  primary  ext4
 
(parted) quit
其中上面parted的內部命令：
help 代表幫助，將會列印所有內部命令
select /dev/sdb 代表切換到硬碟sdb
print 代表列印分割槽檔案系統型別
quit 代表退出

那麼我們已經知道了sdb已被格式化為ext4，接下來就要掛載硬碟來目錄了：

[email protected]:/home/feigo# mkdir /data1
[email protected]:/home/feigo# mount /dev/sdb1 /data1
[email protected]:/home/feigo# df -Th
檔案系統                                               型別      容量  已用  可用 已用% 掛載點
rootfs                                                 rootfs    102G   93G  4.5G   96% /
udev                                                   devtmpfs   10M     0   10M    0% /dev
tmpfs                                                  tmpfs     799M  3.0M  796M    1% /run
/dev/disk/by-uuid/3640f24a-4870-42e2-ae07-109cb9c35164 ext4      102G   93G  4.5G   96% /
tmpfs                                                  tmpfs     5.0M     0  5.0M    0% /run/lock
tmpfs                                                  tmpfs     4.6G  376K  4.6G    1% /run/shm
/dev/sda7                                              ext4       92M   26M   62M   30% /boot
/dev/sda9                                              ext4      201G   23G  169G   12% /home
/dev/sdb1                                              ext4      459G  198M  435G    1% /data1
可以看到/dev/sdb1已經被掛載到/data1下了，剩餘的工作就是遷移資料了。

4. 最後一步就是實現開機自動掛載/dev/sdb1到/data1下：

編輯/etc/fstab檔案，加入下面兩行內容：

[email protected]:/home/feigo# vi /etc/fstab
# load /dev/sdb1 to /data1 when the system startup
/dev/sdb1 /data1                                          ext4    defaults        1       2

然後再用mount -a確定/etc/fstab設定沒有錯誤，再用mount檢視已掛載的裝置：

[email protected]:/home/feigo# mount -a
[email protected]:/home/feigo# mount
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,relatime,size=10240k,nr_inodes=1020978,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,size=818060k,mode=755)
/dev/disk/by-uuid/3640f24a-4870-42e2-ae07-109cb9c35164 on / type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)
tmpfs on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=5120k)
tmpfs on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=4766880k)
/dev/sda7 on /boot type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)
/dev/sda9 on /home type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)
rpc_pipefs on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw,relatime)
binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
/dev/sdb1 on /data1 type ext4 (rw,relatime,user_xattr,barrier=1,data=ordered)