本文借鑑https://www.cnblogs.com/muhehe/p/7816808.html
https://blog.csdn.net/m53931422/article/details/79441840
1、參照上面文章並實踐最終成功完成環境的安裝。
一、安裝的硬體要求
1.記憶體：
要求：記憶體最小1G，推薦2G或者更高。
檢視命令：# grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo
2. Swap：
要求：
RAW
Swap
1G至2G 1.5倍
2G至16G 同RAW相等
16G以上 16G
檢視命令：# grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo

1.建立執行oracle資料庫的系統使用者和使用者組

[[email protected] ~]$ su root　　#切換到root
Password:
[[email protected]]# groupadd oinstall　　#建立使用者組oinstall
[[email protected]]# groupadd dba　　#建立使用者組dba
[[email protected]]# useradd -g oinstall -g dba -m oracle　　#建立oracle使用者，並加入到oinstall和dba使用者組
[[email protected]]# passwd oracle　　#設定使用者oracle的登陸密碼，不設定密碼，在CentOS的圖形登陸介面沒法登陸
Changing password for user oracle.
New password: 　　# 密碼
BAD PASSWORD: The password is shorter than 8 characters
Retype new password: 　　# 確認密碼
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
[
 
[email protected]]# id oracle # 檢視新建的oracle使用者
uid=1001(oracle) gid=1002(dba) groups=1002(dba)

2.建立oracle資料庫安裝目錄

[[email protected]]# cd /.        #進入根目錄
[[email protected]]# mkdir -p /data/oracle　　#oracle資料庫安裝目錄
[[email protected]]# mkdir -p /data/oraInventory　　#oracle資料庫配置檔案目錄
[[email protected]
 
]# mkdir -p /data/database　　#oracle資料庫軟體包解壓目錄
[[email protected]]# cd /data
[[email protected] data]# ls　　#建立完畢檢查一下（強迫症）
database oracle oraInventory
[[email protected] data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/oracle　　#設定目錄所有者為oinstall使用者組的oracle使用者
[[email protected] data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/oraInventory
[[email protected] data]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/database
[[email protected] data]#

3.修改OS系統標識（oracle預設不支援CentOS系統安裝，但是centos其實就是redhat）

[[email protected] data]# cat /proc/version
Linux version 3.10.0-514.26.2.el7.x86_64 ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-11) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Tue Jul 4 15:04:05 UTC 2017
[[email protected] data]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611 (Core)
[[email protected] data]# vi /etc/redhat-release
[[email protected] data]# cat /etc/redhat-release
redhat-7

4.安裝oracle資料庫所需要的軟體包

[[email protected] data]# yum -y install binutils* compat-libcap1* compat-libstdc++* gcc* gcc-c++* glibc* glibc-devel* ksh* libaio* libaio-devel* libgcc* libstdc++* libstdc++-devel* libXi* libXtst* make* sysstat* elfutils* unixODBC*

5.關閉防火牆

[[email protected] data]# systemctl status firewalld.service    #檢視防火牆狀態（執行中）
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Wed 2017-09-13 09:23:08 CST; 25min ago
     Docs: man:firewalld(1)
 Main PID: 641 (firewalld)
   CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
           └─641 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid

Sep 13 09:22:58 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynami...
Sep 13 09:23:08 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[[email protected] data]# systemctl stop firewalld.service    #關閉防火牆
[[email protected] data]# systemctl status firewalld.service    #檢視防火牆狀態（已關閉）
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: inactive (dead) since Wed 2017-09-13 09:48:55 CST; 10s ago
     Docs: man:firewalld(1)
  Process: 641 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid $FIREWALLD_ARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 641 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

Sep 13 09:22:58 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynami...
Sep 13 09:23:08 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic...
Sep 13 09:48:54 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping firewalld - dynami...
Sep 13 09:48:55 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped firewalld - dynamic...
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[[email protected] data]# systemctl disable firewalld.service   #禁止使用防火牆（重啟也是禁止的）         
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service.
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/firewalld.service.

6.關閉selinux（需重啟生效）

[[email protected] data]# vi /etc/selinux/config
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
# enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
# permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
# disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
***SELINUX=disabled #此處修改為disabled***
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
# targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
# minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.
# mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted

7.修改核心引數（加入斜體部分）

[[email protected] data]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf
[[email protected] data]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf
# sysctl settings are defined through files in
# /usr/lib/sysctl.d/, /run/sysctl.d/, and /etc/sysctl.d/.
#
# Vendors settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/.
# To override a whole file, create a new file with the same in
# /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there. To override
# only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later
# name in /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
#
# For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5).
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
fs.file-max = 6815744 #設定最大開啟檔案數
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享記憶體的總量，8G記憶體設定：2097152*4k/1024/1024
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享記憶體的段大小
kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整個系統共享記憶體端的最大數
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可使用的IPv4埠範圍
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max= 4194304
net.core.wmem_default= 262144
net.core.wmem_max= 1048576

8.使配置修改核心的引數生效

[[email protected] data]# sysctl -p
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
sysctl: setting key "fs.file-max": Invalid argument
fs.file-max = 6815744 #設定最大開啟檔案數
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmall": Invalid argument
kernel.shmall = 2097152 #共享記憶體的總量，8G記憶體設定：2097152*4k/1024/1024
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmmax": Invalid argument
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648 #最大共享記憶體的段大小
sysctl: setting key "kernel.shmmni": Invalid argument
kernel.shmmni = 4096 #整個系統共享記憶體端的最大數
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
sysctl: setting key "net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range": Invalid argument
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500 #可使用的IPv4埠範圍
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576

9.對oracle使用者設定限制，提高軟體執行效能（斜體為新增部分）

[[email protected] data]# vi /etc/security/limits.conf
[[email protected] data]# cat /etc/security/limits.conf

@student - maxlogins 4
 
*oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536*
 
End of file

10.配置使用者的環境變數（斜體部分為新增程式碼）

[[email protected] data]# vi /home/oracle/.bash_profile
[[email protected] data]# cat /home/oracle/.bash_profile

# .bash_profile

# Get the aliases and functions
if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then
. ~/.bashrc
fi

# User specific environment and startup programs

PATH=$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin

export PATH

export ORACLE_BASE=/data/oracle #oracle資料庫安裝目錄
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/11.2.0/db_1 #oracle資料庫路徑
export ORACLE_SID=orcl #oracle啟動資料庫例項名，如果這裡不設定，安裝結束會讓重新配置
export ORACLE_UNQNAME=orcl
export ORACLE_TERM=xterm #xterm視窗模式安裝
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:/usr/sbin:$PATH #新增系統環境變數
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib #新增系統環境變數
export LANG=C #防止安裝過程出現亂碼
export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.AL32UTF8  #設定Oracle客戶端字符集，必須與Oracle安裝時設定的字符集保持一致

11.使使用者的環境變數配置立即生效

[[email protected] data]# source /home/oracle/.bash_profile

12.將安裝包移動到/usr/local/src路徑下

[[email protected] ~]# cd /.
[[email protected] /]# cd /home/richard/Desktop/
[[email protected] Desktop]# ls
linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip  linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip
[[email protected] Desktop]# mv linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip /usr/local/src
[[email protected] Desktop]# ls
linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip
[[email protected] Desktop]# mv linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip /usr/local/src

13.重啟系統，確保所有設定生效

[[email protected] Desktop]# reboot

14.從root使用者切換oracle使用者，並從oracle使用者進入/usr/local/src目錄

[[email protected] /]#su oracle #root切換oracle直接可以，不用輸入密碼，反之則需要
[[email protected] /]$ cd /usr/local/src
[[email protected] src]$ ls
linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip  linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip

15.解壓兩個軟體包至/data/database/目錄下

如果unzip沒安裝，會報錯。unzip command not found.這時候可以執行

[[email protected] /]#yum install unzip 

進行安裝，需要是root使用者下安裝

[[email protected] src]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_1of2.zip -d /data/database/　　#解壓
[[email protected] src]$ unzip linux.x64_11gR2_database_2of2.zip -d /data/database/　　#解壓

16.進入管理員許可權，設定目錄所有者為oinstall使用者組的oracle使用者，執行安裝指令碼

[[email protected] src]$ su root
Password:
[[email protected] src]# chown -R oracle:oinstall /data/database/database/
[[email protected] /]$ cd /data/database/database/
[[email protected] database]$ ls
doc  install  response  rpm  runInstaller  sshsetup  stage  welcome.html
[[email protected] database]$ ./runInstaller 
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...
(省略...)

如果此處會報錯，提示DISPLAY未設定。如下設定，在root許可權下

Checking Temp space: must be greater than 120 MB.   Actual 99804 MB    Passed
Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB.   Actual 8191 MB    Passed
Checking monitor: must be configured to display at least 256 colors
    >>> Could not execute auto check for display colors using command /usr/bin/xdpyinfo. Check if the DISPLAY variable is set.    Failed <<<<

Some requirement checks failed. You must fulfill these requirements before

continuing with the installation,

解決如下：

[[email protected] src]# DISPLAY=:0.0;export DISPLAY
[[email protected] src]# echo $DISPLAY
[[email protected] src]# find / -name "xhost"
/usr/bin/xhost
[[email protected] src]# cd /usr/bin/
[[email protected] bin]# ./xhost
[[email protected] bin]# ./xhost +
[[email protected] bin]# su oracle
[[email protected] bin]$ DISPLAY=:0.0;export DISPLAY
[[email protected] bin]$ echo $DISPLAY

四、Oracle圖形介面選項

如果CentOS沒有安裝圖形介面，是無法用圖形介面安裝ORACLE的，所以需要額外安裝

[[email protected] bin]#yum groupinstall "X Window System"
[[email protected] bin]#yum groupinstall "GNOME Desktop"
.
.
complete!

安裝完成之後，執行命令，進入圖形介面，這裡必須是oracle使用者下進入圖形介面，否則會出問題(Could not execute auto check for display colors using command /usr/bin/xdpyi…)

[[email protected] bin]# su oracle
[[email protected] bin]$ startx

進入圖形介面

在圖形介面右擊，開啟命令列

[[email protected] root]$ cd /data/database/database/
[[email protected] database]$ ls
doc  install  response  rpm  runInstaller  sshsetup  stage  welcome.html
[[email protected] database]$ ./runInstaller
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...

Checking Temp space: must be greater than 120 MB.   Actual 99018 MB    Passed
Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB.   Actual 8191 MB    Passed
Checking monitor: must be configured to display at least 256 colors.    Actual 16777216    Passed
Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2018-11-17_10-39-00AM. Please wait ...[[email protected] database]$ 

如下：
1、去掉勾選

2、選YES

按照預設即可，如果安裝到分配記憶體那塊，執行程式卡住不動了，可以考慮，將自動分配記憶體的選項取消，“Character Sets"選擇第二項或者第三項中的"Unicode standard UTF-8…”
底下按部就班就可以成功。
OS Kernel Parameter 下的semmni的缺失是Oracle沒有檢測到，其實有，選中缺失的依賴包，如果下方詳情欄裡Expected value中有括號中標註(i386)或(i686)，是在提示缺少32位的依賴包，但是實際上已經安裝了64位的依賴包，忽略它們，pdksh包已經安裝，就是之前安裝的ksh依賴包。
如果還有提示的其他缺少的依賴包沒有安裝就去安裝，按提示解決缺少的依賴包，之後點選 “Check Again”，再檢查一遍，沒有問題了，勾選ignore all,點選“Next”
後面一直到安裝完成

安裝完成，使用sys使用者進行連線嘗試，這邊選用的是oralce官方工具。