1) 生成響應檔案：

[[email protected] response]$ cp netca.rsp ../netca.rsp^C
[[email protected] response]$ pwd
/home/oracle/database/response
[[email protected] response]$

2）更改拷貝的響應檔案：

#--------------------------------------------------------------------

#以下引數不要更改

[GENERAL]

RESPONSEFILE_VERSION = "11.2.0"

OPERATION_TYPE = "createDatabase"

#以下引數必須設定

[CREATEDATABASE]

GDBNAME = "orcl"

TEMPLATENAME = "General_Purpose.dbc"

#以下引數不設定則使用預設值,建議設定

CHARACTERSET = "ZHS16GBK"

TOTALMEMORY = "1024"

#--------------------------------------------------------------------
 

3）靜默建庫：

$ $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbca -silent -responseFile $DISTRIB/db_create.rsp

Enter SYS user password: 

<輸入sys使用者密碼> 

Enter SYSTEM user password: 

<輸入system使用者密碼> 

Copying database files

...

37% complete

Creating and starting Oracle instance

...

62% complete

Completing Database Creation

...

100% complete

Look at the log file "/u01/app/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/ORCL/ORCL.log" for further details.

 

各引數含義如下:

-silent 表示以靜默方式安裝

-responseFile 表示使用哪個響應檔案,必需使用絕對路徑

RESPONSEFILE_VERSION 響應檔案模板的版本,該引數不要更改

OPERATION_TYPE 安裝型別,該引數不要更改

GDBNAME 全域性資料庫名,點號前面預設是db_name,點號後面預設就是db_domain

TEMPLATENAME 建庫模板名,參考各模板定義:$ORACLE_HOME/assistants/dbca/templates/*.dbc

CHARACTERSET 字符集,預設是WE8MSWIN1252

TOTALMEMORY 例項記憶體,預設是伺服器實體記憶體的40%
 

4）建庫後例項檢查

ps -ef|grep ora_

5)建庫後監聽檢查

lsnrctl status

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production on 23-APR-2018 18:09:25

Copyright (c) 1991, 2009, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=IPC)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date                23-APR-2018 16:52:30
Uptime                    0 days 1 hr. 16 min. 55 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.1/db_home1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /u01/app/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/srcxtts/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=srcxtts)(PORT=1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "ORCLXDB" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
Service "orcl" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "orcl", status READY, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully
 

6)啟動例項

SQL> startup
ORA-01078: failure in processing system parameters

LRM-00109: could not open parameter file '/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.1/db_home1/dbs/initorcl.ora'

檔案不存在，直接根據模板init.ora拷貝一份

cp init.ora initorcl.ora

然後把裡面相關路徑改一下，此處主要把<ORACLE_BASE>換成/u01/app/oracle

[[email protected] dbs]$ cat initorcl.ora
# 
# $Header: rdbms/admin/init.ora /main/23 2009/05/15 13:35:38 ysarig Exp $ 
# 
# Copyright (c) 1991, 1997, 1998 by Oracle Corporation
# NAME
#   init.ora
# FUNCTION
# NOTES
# MODIFIED
#     ysarig     05/14/09  - Updating compatible to 11.2
#     ysarig     08/13/07  - Fixing the sample for 11g
#     atsukerm   08/06/98 -  fix for 8.1.
#     hpiao      06/05/97 -  fix for 803
#     glavash    05/12/97 -  add oracle_trace_enable comment
#     hpiao      04/22/97 -  remove ifile=, events=, etc.
#     alingelb   09/19/94 -  remove vms-specific stuff
#     dpawson    07/07/93 -  add more comments regarded archive start
#     maporter   10/29/92 -  Add vms_sga_use_gblpagfile=TRUE 
#     jloaiza    03/07/92 -  change ALPHA to BETA 
#     danderso   02/26/92 -  change db_block_cache_protect to _db_block_cache_p
#     ghallmar   02/03/92 -  db_directory -> db_domain 
#     maporter   01/12/92 -  merge changes from branch 1.8.308.1 
#     maporter   12/21/91 -  bug 76493: Add control_files parameter 
#     wbridge    12/03/91 -  use of %c in archive format is discouraged 
#     ghallmar   12/02/91 -  add global_names=true, db_directory=us.acme.com 
#     thayes     11/27/91 -  Change default for cache_clone 
#     jloaiza    08/13/91 -         merge changes from branch 1.7.100.1 
#     jloaiza    07/31/91 -         add debug stuff 
#     rlim       04/29/91 -         removal of char_is_varchar2 
#   Bridge     03/12/91 - log_allocation no longer exists
#   Wijaya     02/05/91 - remove obsolete parameters
#
##############################################################################
# Example INIT.ORA file
#
# This file is provided by Oracle Corporation to help you start by providing
# a starting point to customize your RDBMS installation for your site. 
# 
# NOTE: The values that are used in this file are only intended to be used
# as a starting point. You may want to adjust/tune those values to your
# specific hardware and needs. You may also consider using Database
# Configuration Assistant tool (DBCA) to create INIT file and to size your
# initial set of tablespaces based on the user input.
###############################################################################

# Change '<ORACLE_BASE>' to point to the oracle base (the one you specify at
# install time)

db_name='orcl'
memory_target=900M
processes = 150
audit_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/admin/orcl/adump'
audit_trail ='db'
db_block_size=8192
db_domain=''
db_recovery_file_dest='/u01/app/oracle/flash_recovery_area'
db_recovery_file_dest_size=2G
diagnostic_dest='/u01/app/oracle/'
dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=ORCLXDB)'
open_cursors=300 
remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
# You may want to ensure that control files are created on separate physical
# devices
control_files = (ora_control1, ora_control2)
compatible ='11.2.0'
[[email protected] dbs]$ 

再次啟動：

SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.


Total System Global Area  939495424 bytes
Fixed Size                  2218952 bytes
Variable Size             545260600 bytes
Database Buffers          385875968 bytes

Redo Buffers                6139904 bytes

7）啟動到mount

SQL> alter database mount;
alter database mount
*
ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01102: cannot mount database in EXCLUSIVE mode

解決辦法：

網上找了一篇帖子，如下做的：

分析原因：

一、在HA系統中，已經有其他節點啟動了例項，將雙機共享的資源（如磁碟陣列上的裸裝置）佔用了；

二、說明Oracle被異常關閉時，有資源沒有被釋放，一般有以下幾種可能，

1、 Oracle的共享記憶體段或訊號量沒有被釋放；

2、 Oracle的後臺程序（如SMON、PMON、DBWn等）沒有被關閉；

3、 用於鎖記憶體的檔案lk<sid>和sgadef<sid>.dbf檔案沒有被刪除。

解決思路：

當發生1102錯誤時，可以按照以下流程檢查、排錯：

具體做法：

首先，雖然我們的系統是HA系統，但是備節點的例項始終處在關閉狀態，這點通過在備節點上查資料庫狀態可以證實。

其次、是因系統掉電引起資料庫宕機的，系統在接電後被重啟，因此我們排除了第二種可能種的1、2點。最可疑的就是第3點了。

查$ORACLE_HOME/dbs目錄：

$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs

$ ls sgadef*

sgadef* not found

$ ls lk*

/opt/oracle/product/ 10.2.0/db_1/dbs/lkSIMPLY

lkSIMPLY

果然，lk<sid>檔案沒有被刪除。將它刪除掉

$ rm lk*

刪除後再次啟動

SQL> alter database mount ;
alter database mount
*
ERROR at line 1:

ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info

錯誤變成找不到控制檔案了，這好辦，我們新庫，還沒有控制檔案，這個後面在說。

然後按照上面那篇帖子：

https://blog.csdn.net/lzwgood/article/details/26368323

把oracle的共享記憶體清了：

檢視共享記憶體段

[[email protected] bdump]# ipcs -map

------ Shared Memory Creator/Last-op --------

shmid   owner  cpid    lpid

786444  root    6490   6438

819213  root    6549   6438

1409040 oracle   31502  16728

根據ID號清楚共享記憶體段

ipcrm –m 1409040

我這裡操作是沒有成功的，不過執行了下面的操作就ok了！

檢視訊號量

[[email protected] bdump]# ipcs -s

key       semid      owner   perms    nsems

0x17ff6454 360448     oracle    640     154

清除oracle的訊號量

[[email protected] bdump]# ipcrm -s 360448

再次查詢確認

[[email protected] bdump]# ipcs -s

------ Semaphore Arrays --------

key  semid  owner  perms   nsems

再查詢共享記憶體段也ok了！

[[email protected] bdump]# ipcs -m

再次啟動的時候，又報了下面的錯：

SQL> startup
ORA-00845: MEMORY_TARGET not supported on this system

後來df -h發現/dev/shm總共930M，現在可用只有400多M，而memory_target設定的是900M。

memory_max_target                    big integer 900M

memory_target                        big integer 900M

考慮/dev/shm大小不夠，增大之：

 mount -t tmpfs shmfs -o size=2g /dev/shm

修改配置檔案/etc/fstab

tmpfs                   /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults,size=2g        0 0

全量重新掛載

mount -a

[[email protected] dbs]$ df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_srcxtts-lv_root
                       21G   12G  7.3G  62% /
tmpfs                 2.0G  538M  1.5G  27% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1             477M   60M  392M  14% /boot

shmfs                 2.0G  538M  1.5G  27% /dev/shm

再次重新啟動到mount：

SQL> alter database mount ;
alter database mount
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00205: error in identifying control file, check alert log for more info

又回到控制檔案的問題了，不要急，接著來。

截止到現在我們資料庫用的還是pfile檔案，要改成使用spfile檔案：

SQL> show parameter pfile


NAME                                 TYPE
------------------------------------ ----------------------
VALUE
------------------------------
spfile                               string


SQL> create spfile from pfile ;


File created.


SQL> show parameter pfile


NAME                                 TYPE
------------------------------------ ----------------------
VALUE
------------------------------
spfile                               string


SQL> shutdown immediate 
ORA-01507: database not mounted




ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup nomount ;
ORACLE instance started.


Total System Global Area  939495424 bytes
Fixed Size                  2218952 bytes
Variable Size             545260600 bytes
Database Buffers          385875968 bytes
Redo Buffers                6139904 bytes
SQL> show parameter pfile


NAME                                 TYPE
------------------------------------ ----------------------
VALUE
------------------------------
spfile                               string
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0

.1/db_home1/dbs/spfileorcl.ora

現在已經改成使用spfile檔案了。

8）下面就來搞控制檔案，oracle靜默安裝好後，預設給了個空檔案在/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl

拷貝兩份到/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.1/db_home1/dbs/control01.ctl,/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.1/db_home1/dbs/control02.ctl

改初始化引數配置

SQL> show parameter control  


NAME                                 TYPE
------------------------------------ ----------------------
VALUE
------------------------------
control_file_record_keep_time        integer
7
control_files                        string
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0
.1/db_home1/dbs/ora_control1,
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0
.1/db_home1/dbs/ora_control2
control_management_pack_access       string

DIAGNOSTIC+TUNING

SQL> alter system set control_files="/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.1/db_home1/dbs/control01.ctl","/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0.1/db_home1/dbs/control02.ctl" scope=spfile
  2  ;

System altered.

SQL> show parameter control


NAME                                 TYPE
------------------------------------ ----------------------
VALUE
------------------------------
control_file_record_keep_time        integer
7
control_files                        string
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0
.1/db_home1/dbs/ora_control1,
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0
.1/db_home1/dbs/ora_control2
control_management_pack_access       string
DIAGNOSTIC+TUNING
SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01507: database not mounted




ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.


Total System Global Area  939495424 bytes
Fixed Size                  2218952 bytes
Variable Size             545260600 bytes
Database Buffers          385875968 bytes
Redo Buffers                6139904 bytes
SQL> show parameter control


NAME                                 TYPE
------------------------------------ ----------------------
VALUE
------------------------------
control_file_record_keep_time        integer
7
control_files                        string
/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0
.1/db_home1/dbs/control01.ctl,
 /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.
0.1/db_home1/dbs/control02.ctl
control_management_pack_access       string
DIAGNOSTIC+TUNING
SQL> alter database mount;


Database altered.


SQL> alter database open;


Database altered.


SQL> select instance_name,status from v$instance ;


INSTANCE_NAME    STATUS
---------------- ------------
orcl             OPEN

最後改完重啟資料，然後就可以打開了。