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SQL Server T-SQL高階查詢、函式

高階查詢在資料庫中用得是最頻繁的,也是應用最廣泛、最普遍的。

Ø 基本常用查詢

-- all 查詢所有,幾乎從來不用 all 關鍵字,因為是預設關鍵字
select all sex from student;
-- distinct 過濾重複 (常用語檢查一列資料是否有異常值)
select distinct sex from student;
-- count 統計
select count(distinct sex) from student;
-- top 取前N條記錄
select top 3 * from student;
-- column 列運算
select (age + id) col from student;
select s.name + '-' + c.name from classes c, student s where s.cid = c.id;
-- having 分組過濾條件
-- 按照年齡分組,過濾年齡為空的資料,並且統計分組的條數和現實年齡資訊
select count(*), age from student group by age having age is not null;
-- 按照年齡和cid組合分組,過濾條件是cid大於1的記錄
select count(*), cid, sex from
student group by cid, sex having cid > 1;
-- 按照年齡分組,過濾條件是分組後的記錄條數大於等於2
select count(*), age from student group by age having count(age) >= 2;
-- 按照cid和性別組合分組,過濾條件是cid大於1,cid的最大值大於2
select count(*), cid, sex from student group by cid, sex having cid > 1 and max(cid) > 2;

Ø 巢狀子查詢

    子查詢是一個巢狀在select、insert、update 或 delete 語句或其他子查詢中的查詢。任何允許使用表示式的地方都可以使用子查詢。子查詢也稱為內部查詢或內部選擇,而包含子查詢的語句也成為外部查詢或外部選擇。

-- 將一個 table 的查詢結果當做一個新表進行查詢
select * from (
    select id, name from student where sex = 1
) t where t.id > 2;

上面括號中的語句,就是子查詢語句(內部查詢)。在外面的是外部查詢,其中外部查詢可以包含以下語句:

     1、 包含常規選擇列表元件的常規select查詢

     2、 包含一個或多個表或檢視名稱的常規from語句

     3、 可選的where子句

     4、 可選的group by子句

     5、 可選的having子句

-- 查詢班級資訊,統計班級學生人生
select *, (select count(*) from student where cid = classes.id) as num 
from classes order by num;
-- 查詢班級id大於小於X的這些班級的學生資訊
select * from student where cid in (
    select id from classes where id > 2 and id < 4
);
-- 查詢不是X班的學生資訊
select * from student where cid not in (
    select id from classes where name = '2班'
)
-- all,any,some
select * from student where cid = 5 and age > all (
    select age from student where cid = 3
);
select * from student where cid = 5 and age > any (
    select age from student where cid = 3
);
select * from student where cid = 5 and age > some (
    select age from student where cid = 3
);

Ø 聚合查詢

1、 distinct去掉重複資料

select distinct sex from student;
select count(sex), count(distinct sex) from student;

2、 compute和compute by彙總查詢

-- 對年齡大於20的進行彙總
select age from student where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age) by age;
-- 對年齡大於20的按照性別進行分組彙總年齡資訊
select id, sex, age from student where age > 20 order by sex, age compute sum(age) by sex;
-- 按照年齡分組彙總
select age from student where age > 20 order by age, id compute sum(age);
-- 按照年齡分組,年齡彙總,id找最大值
select id, age from student where age > 20 order by age compute sum(age), max(id);

compute 進行彙總,前面是查詢的結果,後面一條結果集就是彙總的資訊。compute 子句中可以新增多個彙總表示式,可以新增的資訊如下:

     a、 可選by關鍵字。它是每一列計算指定的行聚合

     b、 行聚合函式名稱。包括sum、avg、min、max、count等

     c、 要對其執行聚合函式的列

     compute by適合做先分組後彙總的業務。compute by 後面的列一定要是 order by 中出現的列。

3、 cube 彙總

cube彙總和compute效果類似,但語法較簡潔,而且返回的是一個結果集。

select count(*), sex from student group by sex with cube;
select count(*), age, sum(age) from student where age is not null group by age with cube;

cube要結合group by語句完成分組彙總

Ø 排序函式

   排序在很多地方需要用到,需要對查詢結果進行排序並且給出序號。比如:

   1、 對某張表進行排序,序號需要遞增不重複的

   2、 對學生的成績進行排序,得出名次,名次可以並列,但名次的序號是連續遞增的

   3、 在某些排序的情況下,需要跳空序號,雖然是並列

-- 基本語法 
-- 排序函式 over([分組語句] 排序子句[desc][asc])
-- 排序子句 order by 列名, 列名
-- 分組子句 partition by 分組列, 分組列
-- row_number 函式
-- 根據排序子句給出遞增連續序號,按照名稱排序的順序遞增
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(order by c.name) as number 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
-- rank 函式函式 
-- 根據排序子句給出遞增的序號,但是存在並列並且跳空 
-- 順序遞增
select id, name, rank() over(order by cid) as rank from student;
-- dense_rank 函式 
-- 根據排序子句給出遞增的序號,但是存在並列不跳空 
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(order by c.name) as dense 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
-- partition by 分組子句 
-- 可以完成對分組的資料進行增加排序,partition by可以與以上三個函式聯合使用。 
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, row_number() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, dense_rank() over(partition by c.name order by s.id) as rank 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;
-- ntile 平均排序函式 
-- 將要排序的資料進行平分,然後按照等分排序。ntile中的引數代表分成多少等分。 
select s.id, s.name, cid, c.name, ntile(5) over(order by c.name) as ntile 
from student s, classes c where cid = c.id;

Ø 集合運算

操作兩組查詢結果,進行交集、並集、減集運算

-- union 並集、不重複
select id, name from student where name like 'ja%'
union select id, name from student where id = 4;
-- union all 並集、重複
select * from student where name like 'ja%'
union all select * from student;
-- 交集(相同部分)
select * from student where name like 'ja%'
intersect select * from student;
-- 減集(除相同部分)
select * from student where name like 'ja%'
except select * from student where name like 'jas%';

Ø 公式表表達式

查詢表的時候,有時候中間表需要重複使用,這些子查詢被重複查詢呼叫,不但效率低,而且可讀性低,不利於理解。那麼公式表表達式可以解決這個問題。

我們可以將公式表表達式(CET)視為臨時結果集,在select、insert、update、delete或是create view語句的執行範圍內進行定義。

with statNum(id, num) as 
(
    select cid, count(*) from student where id > 0 group by cid
)
select id, num from statNum order by id;
with statNum(id, num) as 
(
    select cid, count(*) from student where id > 0 group by cid
)
select max(id), avg(num) from statNum;

Ø 表的聯合查詢

-- 簡化聯接查詢
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s, classes c where s.cid = c.id;
-- 左連線 (左為基表)
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s left join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
-- 右連線 (右為基表)
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s right join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
-- 內連線 (等值聯合)
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s inner join classes c on s.cid = c.id;
-- 交叉聯接查詢,結果是一個笛卡兒乘積
select s.id, s.name, c.id, c.name from student s ,classes c
-- 自連線
select distinct s.* from student s, student s1 where s.id <> s1.id and s.sex = s1.sex;

Ø 函式

-- 聚合函式 (max最大值、min最小值、count統計、avg平均值、sum求和、var求方差)
select 
    max(age) max_age, 
    min(age) min_age, 
    count(age) count_age, 
    avg(age) avg_age,