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C語言實現繼承和多型

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繼承和多型是面嚮物件語言最強大的功能。有了繼承和多型,我們可以完成程式碼重用。在C中有許多技巧可以實現多型。本文的目的就是演示一種簡單和容易的技術,在C中應用繼承和多型。通過建立一個VTable(virtual table)和在基類和派生類物件之間提供正確的訪問,我們能在C中實現繼承和多型。VTable能通過維護一張函式表指標表來實現。為了提供基類和派生類物件之間的訪問,我們可以在基類中維護派生類的引用和在派生類中維護基類的引用。

2、說明

在C中實現繼承和多型之前,我們應該知道類(Class)在C中如何表示。

2.1、類在C中的表示

考慮C++中的一個類"Person"。

//Person.h

class Person

{

private:

    char* pFirstName;

    char* pLastName;

    

public:

    Person(const char* pFirstName, const char* pLastName);    //constructor

    ~Person();    //destructor

 

    void displayInfo();

    void writeToFile(const char* pFileName);

 

};

在C中表示上面的類,我們可以使用結構體,並用操作結構體的函式表示成員函式。

//Person.h

typedef struct _Person

{

    char* pFirstName;

    char* pLastName;

}Person;

 

new_Person(const char* const pFirstName, const char* const pLastName);    //constructor

delete_Person(Person* const pPersonObj);    //destructor

 

void Person_DisplayInfo(Person* const pPersonObj);

void Person_WriteToFile(Person* const pPersonObj, const char* const pFileName);

這裡,定義的操作結構體Person的函式沒有封裝。為了實現封裝,即繫結資料、函式、函式指標。我們需要建立一個函式指標表。建構函式new_Person()將設定函式指標值以指向合適的函式。這個函式指標表將作為物件訪問函式的介面。

下面我們重新定義C中實現類Person。

//Person.h

 

typedef struct _Person Person;

 

//declaration of pointers to functions

typedef void    (*fptrDisplayInfo)(Person*);

typedef void    (*fptrWriteToFile)( Person*, const char*);

typedef void    (*fptrDelete)( Person *) ;

 

//Note: In C all the members are by default public. We can achieve

//the data hiding (private members), but that method is tricky.

//For simplification of this article

// we are considering the data members     //public only.

typedef struct _Person

{

    char* pFName;

    char* pLName;

    //interface for function

    fptrDisplayInfo   Display;

    fptrWriteToFile   WriteToFile;

    fptrDelete      Delete;

}Person;

 

person* new_Person(const char* const pFirstName,

                   const char* const pLastName); //constructor

void delete_Person(Person* const pPersonObj);    //destructor

 

void Person_DisplayInfo(Person* const pPersonObj);

void Person_WriteToFile(Person* const pPersonObj, const char* pFileName);

new_Person()函式作為建構函式,它返回新建立的結構體例項。它初始化函式指標介面去訪問其它成員函式。這裡要注意的一點是,我們僅僅定義了那些允許公共訪問的函式指標,並沒有給定私有函式的介面。讓我們看一下new_Person()函式或C中類Person的建構函式。

//Person.c

person* new_Person(const char* const pFirstName, const char* const pLastName)

{

    Person* pObj = NULL;

    //allocating memory

    pObj = (Person*)malloc(sizeof(Person));

    if (pObj == NULL)

    {

        return NULL;

    }

    pObj->pFirstName = malloc(sizeof(char)*(strlen(pFirstName)+1));

    if (pObj->pFirstName == NULL)

    {

        return NULL;

    }

    strcpy(pObj->pFirstName, pFirstName);

 

    pObj->pLastName = malloc(sizeof(char)*(strlen(pLastName)+1));

    if (pObj->pLastName == NULL)

    {

        return NULL;

    }

    strcpy(pObj->pLastName, pLastName);

 

    //Initializing interface for access to functions

    pObj->Delete = delete_Person;

    pObj->Display = Person_DisplayInfo;

    pObj->WriteToFile = Person_WriteToFile;

 

    return pObj;

}

建立完物件之後,我們能夠訪問它的資料成員和函式。

Person* pPersonObj = new_Person("Anjali", "Jaiswal");

//displaying person info

pPersonObj->Display(pPersonObj);

//writing person info in the persondata.txt file

pPersonObj->WriteToFile(pPersonObj, "persondata.txt");

//delete the person object

pPersonObj->Delete(pPersonObj);

pPersonObj = NULL;

注意:不像C++,在C中我們不能在函式中直接訪問資料成員。在C++中,可以隱式通過“this”指標直接訪問資料成員。我們知道C中是沒有“this”指標的,通過顯示地傳遞物件給成員函式。在C中為了訪問類的資料成員,我們需要把呼叫物件作為函式引數傳遞。上面的例子中,我們把呼叫物件作為函式的第一個引數,通過這種方法,函式可以訪問物件的資料成員。

3、在C中類的表現

Person類的表示——檢查初始化介面指向成員函式:

3.1、繼承和多型的簡單例子

繼承-Employee類繼承自Person類:

 

在上面的例子中,類Employee繼承類Person的屬性。因為DisplayInfo()和WriteToFile()函式是virtual的,我們能夠從Person的例項訪問Employee物件中的同名函式。為了實現這個,我們建立Person例項的時候也初始化Employee類。多型使這成為可能。 在多型的情況下,去解析函式呼叫,C++使用VTable——即一張函式指標表。

前面我們在結構體中維護的指向函式的指標介面的作用類似於VTable。

//Polymorphism in C++

Person PersonObj("Anjali", "Jaiswal");

Employee EmployeeObj("Gauri", "Jaiswal", "HR", "TCS", 40000);

 

Person* ptrPersonObj = NULL;

    

//preson pointer pointing to person object

ptrPersonObj = &PersonObj;

//displaying person info

ptrPersonObj ->Display();

//writing person info in the persondata.txt file

ptrPersonObj ->WriteToFile("persondata.txt");

 

//preson pointer pointing to employee object

ptrPersonObj = &EmployeeObj;

//displaying employee info

ptrPersonObj ->Display();

//writing empolyee info in the employeedata.txt file

ptrPersonObj ->WriteToFile("employeedata.txt");

在C中,繼承可以通過在派生類物件中維護一個基類物件的引用來完成。在基類例項的幫助下,women可以訪問基類的資料成員和函式。然而,為了實現多型,街壘物件應該能夠訪問派生類物件的資料。為了實現這個,基類應該有訪問派生類的資料成員的許可權。

為了實現虛擬函式,派生類的函式簽名應該和基類的函式指標類似。即派生類函式將以基類物件的一個例項為引數。我們在基類中維護一個派生類的引用。在函式實現上,我們可以從派生類的引用訪問實際派生類的資料。

3.2、在C中結構體中的等效表示

C中的繼承-Person和Employee結構體:

 

如圖所示,我們在基類結構體中聲明瞭一個指標儲存派生類對像,並在派生類結構體中宣告一個指標儲存基類物件。

在基類物件中,函式指標指向自己的虛擬函式。在派生類物件的建構函式中,我們需要使基類的介面指向派生類的成員函式。這使我們可以通過基類物件(多型)靈活的呼叫派生類函式。更多細節,請檢查Person和Employee物件的建構函式。

當我們討論C++中的多型時,有一個物件銷燬的問題。為了正確的清楚物件,它使用虛解構函式。在C中,這可以通過使基類的刪除函式指標指向派生類的解構函式。派生類的解構函式清楚派生類的資料和基類的資料和物件。注意:檢查例子的原始碼中,實現須建構函式和虛擬函式的實現細節。

建立Person物件

//Person.h

 

typedef struct _Person Person;

 

//pointers to function

typedef void    (*fptrDisplayInfo)(Person*);

typedef void    (*fptrWriteToFile)(Person*, const char*);

typedef void    (*fptrDelete)(Person*) ;

 

typedef struct _person

{

    void* pDerivedObj;

    char* pFirstName;

    char* pLastName;

    fptrDisplayInfo Display;

    fptrWriteToFile WriteToFile;

    fptrDelete        Delete;

}person;

 

Person* new_Person(const char* const pFristName,

                   const char* const pLastName);    //constructor

void delete_Person(Person* const pPersonObj);    //destructor

 

void Person_DisplayInfo(Person* const pPersonObj);

void Person_WriteToFile(Person* const pPersonObj, const char* const pFileName);

    

//Person.c

//construction of Person object

Person* new_Person(const char* const pFirstName, const char* const pLastName)

{

    Person* pObj = NULL;

    //allocating memory

    pObj = (Person*)malloc(sizeof(Person));

    if (pObj == NULL)

    {

        return NULL;

    }

    //pointing to itself as we are creating base class object

    pObj->pDerivedObj = pObj;

    pObj->pFirstName = malloc(sizeof(char)*(strlen(pFirstName)+1));

    if (pObj->pFirstName == NULL)

    {

        return NULL;

    }

    strcpy(pObj->pFirstName, pFirstName);

 

    pObj->pLastName = malloc(sizeof(char)*(strlen(pLastName)+1));

    if (pObj->pLastName == NULL)

    {

        return NULL;

    }

    strcpy(pObj->pLastName, pLastName);

 

    //Initializing interface for access to functions

    //destructor pointing to destrutor of itself

    pObj->Delete = delete_Person;

    pObj->Display = Person_DisplayInfo;

    pObj->WriteToFile = Person_WriteToFile;

 

    return pObj;

}

Person物件的結構

建立Employee物件

//Employee.h

 

#include "Person.h"

 

 

typedef struct _Employee Employee;

 

//Note: interface for this class is in the base class

//object since all functions are virtual.

//If there is any additional functions in employee add

//interface for those functions in this structure

typedef struct _Employee

{

    Person* pBaseObj;

    char* pDepartment;

    char* pCompany;

    int nSalary;

    //If there is any employee specific functions; add interface here.

}Employee;

 

Person* new_Employee(const char* const pFirstName, const char* const pLastName,

        const char* const pDepartment, const char* const pCompany,

        int nSalary);    //constructor

void delete_Employee(Person* const pPersonObj);    //destructor

 

void Employee_DisplayInfo(Person* const pPersonObj);

void Employee_WriteToFile(Person* const pPersonObj, const char* const pFileName);

    

//Employee.c

Person* new_Employee(const char* const pFirstName, const char* const pLastName,

                     const char* const pDepartment,

                     const char* const pCompany, int nSalary)

{

    Employee* pEmpObj;

    //calling base class construtor

    Person* pObj = new_Person(pFirstName, pLastName);

    //allocating memory

    pEmpObj = malloc(sizeof(Employee));

    if (pEmpObj == NULL)

    {

        pObj->Delete(pObj);

        return NULL;

    }

    pObj->pDerivedObj = pEmpObj; //pointing to derived object

    

    //initialising derived class members

    pEmpObj->pDepartment = malloc(sizeof(char)*(strlen(pDepartment)+1));

    if(pEmpObj->pDepartment == NULL)

    {

        return NULL;

    }

    strcpy(pEmpObj->pDepartment, pDepartment);

    pEmpObj->pCompany = malloc(sizeof(char)*(strlen(pCompany)+1));

    if(pEmpObj->pCompany== NULL)

    {

        return NULL;

    }

    strcpy(pEmpObj->pCompany, pCompany);

    pEmpObj->nSalary = nSalary;

        

    //Changing base class interface to access derived class functions

    //virtual destructor

    //person destructor pointing to destrutor of employee

    pObj->Delete = delete_Employee;

    pObj->Display = Employee_DisplayInfo;

    pObj->WriteToFile = Employee_WriteToFile;

 

    return pObj;

}

Employee物件的結構

注意:從基類函式到派生類函式改變了介面(VTable)中指標位置。現在我們可以從基類(多型)訪問派生類函式。我們來看如何使用多型。

Person* PersonObj = new_Person("Anjali", "Jaiswal");

Person* EmployeeObj = new_Employee("Gauri", "Jaiswal","HR", "TCS", 40000);

 

//accessing person object

 

//displaying person info

PersonObj->Display(PersonObj);

//writing person info in the persondata.txt file

PersonObj->WriteToFile(PersonObj,"persondata.txt");

//calling destructor

PersonObj->Delete(PersonObj);

 

//accessing to employee object

 

//displaying employee info

EmployeeObj->Display(EmployeeObj);

//writing empolyee info in the employeedata.txt file

EmployeeObj->WriteToFile(EmployeeObj, "employeedata.txt");

//calling destrutor

EmployeeObj->Delete(EmployeeObj);

結論

使用上面描述的簡單的額外程式碼能是過程式C語言有多型和繼承的特性。我們簡單的使用函式指標建立一個VTable和在基類和派生類物件中交叉維護引用。用這些簡單的步驟,我們在C中可以實現繼承和多型。

 

https://blog.csdn.net/changyourmind/art