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在.Net Core 3.0中嘗試新的System.Text.Json API

.NET Core 3.0提供了一個名為System.Text.Json的全新名稱空間,它支援reader/writer,文件物件模型(DOM)和序列化程式。在此部落格文章中,我將介紹它如何工作以及如何使用。
官方文件

獲取JSON庫

  • 如果以.NET Core為目標,請安裝.NET Core 3.0及以上版本,該版本提供了新的JSON庫和ASP.NET Core整合。
  • 如果以.NET Standard或.NET Framework為目標。安裝System.Text.Json NuGet軟體包(確保安裝.NET Framework4.6.0或更高版本)。為了與ASP.NET Core整合,必須以.NET Core 3.0為目標。

NET Core 3.0中JSON特性

新的JSON API通過使用Span進行效能優化,並且可以直接處理UTF-8,而無需轉碼為UTF-16 string 例項。這兩個方面對於ASP.NET Core都是至關重要的,在ASP.NET Core中,吞吐量是關鍵要求。使用System.Text.Json,可以將速度提高大約1.3倍至5倍。

使用System.Text.Json

using System.Text.Json;
using System.Text.Json.Serialization;

使用序列化器Serializer

  • 學習.Net Core最好的方式是檢視原始碼,下面是JsonSerializer Serialize的部分原始碼:
namespace System.Text.Json
{
    public static partial class JsonSerializer
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Convert the provided value into a <see cref="System.String"/>.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="System.String"/> representation of the value.</returns>
        /// <param name="value">The value to convert.</param>
        /// <param name="options">Options to control the conversion behavior.</param>
        /// <remarks>Using a <see cref="System.String"/> is not as efficient as using UTF-8
        /// encoding since the implementation internally uses UTF-8. See also <see cref="SerializeToUtf8Bytes"/>
        /// and <see cref="SerializeAsync"/>.
        /// </remarks>
        public static string Serialize<TValue>(TValue value, JsonSerializerOptions options = null)
        {
            return ToStringInternal(value, typeof(TValue), options);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Convert the provided value into a <see cref="System.String"/>.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>A <see cref="System.String"/> representation of the value.</returns>
        /// <param name="value">The value to convert.</param>
        /// <param name="inputType">The type of the <paramref name="value"/> to convert.</param>
        /// <param name="options">Options to control the conversion behavior.</param>
        /// <remarks>Using a <see cref="System.String"/> is not as efficient as using UTF-8
        /// encoding since the implementation internally uses UTF-8. See also <see cref="SerializeToUtf8Bytes"/>
        /// and <see cref="SerializeAsync"/>.
        /// </remarks>
        public static string Serialize(object value, Type inputType, JsonSerializerOptions options = null)
        {
            VerifyValueAndType(value, inputType);

            return ToStringInternal(value, inputType, options);
        }

        private static string ToStringInternal(object value, Type inputType, JsonSerializerOptions options)
        {
            return WriteCoreString(value, inputType, options);
        }
    }
}

可以看到序列化最終呼叫的是ToStringInternal這個方法。

  • 示例
class Sample
{
    public DateTimeOffset Date { get; set; }
    public string Summary { get; set; }
}

string Serialize(Sample value)
{
    return JsonSerializer.Serialize<Sample>(value);
}
//obj
string SerializeObj(object value)
{
    return JsonSerializer.Serialize(value);
}

JsonSerializerOptions用於在序列化時設定配置, 例如處理註釋,null處理,尾隨逗號和命名策略。

 public static string ToJson(this object obj)
 {
    var options = new JsonSerializerOptions() { IgnoreNullValues = true, WriteIndented = true, AllowTrailingCommas = true };
    return JsonSerializer.Serialize(obj, options);
 }

使用反序列化器Deserialize

 Sample Deserialize(string json)
{
    var options = new JsonSerializerOptions
    {
        AllowTrailingCommas = true
    };

    return JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Sample>(json, options);
}

自定義屬性來控制序列化行為

可以使用自定義屬性來控制序列化行為,例如,忽略屬性或者指定屬性的名稱:

class Sample
{
    //忽略
    [JsonIgnore]
    public DateTimeOffset Date { get; set; }
    //指定名稱
    [JsonPropertyName("test")]
    public string Summary { get; set; }
}

使用DOM

有時,不想反序列化JSON但仍然希望對其內容進行結構化訪問,這時可以使用JsonDocument

var options = new JsonDocumentOptions
    {
        AllowTrailingCommas = true
    };
using (JsonDocument document = JsonDocument.Parse(json, options))
{
    //todo
     foreach (JsonElement element in document.RootElement.EnumerateArray())
     {
        DateTimeOffset date = element.GetProperty("date").GetDateTimeOffset();
         //todo
     }
}

使用Utf8JsonWriter

var options = new JsonWriterOptions
{
    Indented = true
};

using (var stream = new MemoryStream())
{
    using (var writer = new Utf8JsonWriter(stream, options))
    {
        writer.WriteStartObject();
        writer.WriteString("date", DateTimeOffset.UtcNow);
        writer.WriteEndObject();
    }

    string json = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(stream.ToArray());
    Console.WriteLine(json);
}

使用Utf8JsonReader

byte[] data = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(json);
Utf8JsonReader reader = new Utf8JsonReader(data, isFinalBlock: true, state: default);

while (reader.Read())
{
    Console.Write(reader.TokenType);

    switch (reader.TokenType)
    {
        case JsonTokenType.PropertyName:
        case JsonTokenType.String:
        {
            string text = reader.GetString();
            Console.Write(" ");
            Console.Write(text);
            break;
        }

        case JsonTokenType.Number:
        {
            int value = reader.GetInt32();
            Console.Write(" ");
            Console.Write(value);
            break;
        }
    }

    Console.WriteLine();
}

System.Text.Json中的DateTime和DateTimeOffset支援

The System.Text.Json library parses and writes DateTime and DateTimeOffset values according to the ISO 8601:-2019 extended profile. Converters provide custom support for serializing and deserializing with JsonSerializer. Custom support can also be implemented when using Utf8JsonReader and Utf8JsonWriter.

具體請參考官方文件。
示例:

 public class DateTimeConverterUsingDateTimeParse : JsonConverter<DateTime>
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// 日期格式
        /// </summary>
        public string dateTimeFormat { get; }
        /// <summary>
        /// ctor
        /// </summary>      
        /// <param name="dateTimeFormat"></param>
        public DateTimeConverterUsingDateTimeParse(string dateTimeFormat)
        {
            this.dateTimeFormat = dateTimeFormat;
        }
        public override DateTime Read(ref Utf8JsonReader reader, Type typeToConvert, JsonSerializerOptions options)
        {
            Debug.Assert(typeToConvert == typeof(DateTime));
            return DateTime.Parse(reader.GetString());
        }

        public override void Write(Utf8JsonWriter writer, DateTime value, JsonSerializerOptions options)
        {
            writer.WriteStringValue(value.ToString(dateTimeFormat));
        }
    }
 public static class JsonHelper
    {
        /// <summary>Converts to json.</summary>
        /// <param name="obj">The object.</param>
        /// <param name="dateTimeFormat">The date time format.</param>
        /// <returns>System.String.</returns>
        public static string ToJson(this object obj, string dateTimeFormat = "yyyy-MM-dd")
        {
            var options = new JsonSerializerOptions() { IgnoreNullValues = true, WriteIndented = true };
            options.Converters.Add(new DateTimeConverterUsingDateTimeParse(dateTimeFormat));
            return JsonSerializer.Serialize(obj, options);
        }
    }

總結

  • 在.NET Core 3.0中,System.Text.Json API提供對JSON的內建支援,包括reader/writer,只讀DOM和序列化器/反序列化器。
  • 主要目標是實現高效能和低記憶體分配。
  • ASP.NET Core 3.0包括對System.Text.Json的支援,預設情況下啟用。