def outer(fun):
def wrapper():
print ‘驗證‘
fun()
return wrapper

@outer
def Func1():
print ‘func1‘

@outer
def Func2():
print ‘func2‘

‘‘‘
Func1=
def wrapper():
print ‘驗證‘
fun()
‘‘‘

Func1()
Func2()
[[email protected] decorate]#

帶參數的裝飾器

[[email protected] decorate]# python27 main1.py
驗證
func1 alex
[[email protected] decorate]# cat main1.py
#!/usr/bin/python27
#coding:utf-8

def outer(fun):
def wrapper(arg):
print ‘驗證‘
fun(arg)
return wrapper

@outer
def Func1(arg):
print ‘func1‘,arg

‘‘‘
Func1=
def wrapper(arg):

Func1(‘alex‘)
[[email protected] decorate]#

在函數執行的前後，執行任意函數

def Filter(before_func,after_func):

def outer(main_func):

def wrapper(request,kargs):

before_result = before_func(request,kargs)

if(before_result != None):

return before_result;

main_result = main_func(request,kargs)

if(main_result != None):

return main_result;

after_result = after_func(request,kargs)

if(after_result != None):

return after_result;

return wrapper

return outer

@Filter(AccountFilter.Before, AccountFilter.After) def List(request,kargs):

pass

2、類與對象

封裝性：將name,age屬性封裝到self中

[[email protected] ~]# python27 index.py
cxiong 29
xmzhang 28
中國

[[email protected] ~]# cat index.py
#!/usr/bin/python27
#coding:utf-8

class Person():
nation=‘中國‘ --- 靜態字段：nation屬於class
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name=name --- 動態字段：self.name屬於對象
self.age=age ---動態字段：self.age屬於對象

p1=Person(‘cxiong‘,29)
p2=Person(‘xmzhang‘,28)

print p1.name,p1.age
print p2.name,p2.age

print p1.nation
[[email protected] ~]#

註意：類不能訪問動態字段；對象可以訪問靜態字段

靜態字段、動態字段、靜態方法、動態方法和裝飾器

作用：提供統一的方法和數據，用於處理類的請求

[[email protected] ~]# cat index.py
#!/usr/bin/python27
#coding:utf-8

class Person():

#靜態字段
nation=‘中國‘

def __init__(self,name,age):
#動態字段
self.name=name
self.age=age

#動態方法
def Eat(self):
print self.name+‘ eating...‘

#靜態方法 --- 不需要實例化類，即可調用方法
@staticmethod
def Breath():
print ‘breathing...‘

#裝飾器 --- 將方法訪問形式作為字段形式訪問
@property
def Sing(self):
print self.name+‘ singing...‘

p1=Person(‘cxiong‘,29)
p2=Person(‘xmzhang‘,28)

print p1.name,p1.age
print p2.name,p2.age
print p1.nation
p1.Eat()
p2.Eat()
Person.Breath()
p1.Sing

3、面向對象與函數式編程的區別

靜態方法與模塊形式的區別：內存上沒區別，區別在於，靜態方法邏輯上屬於類；

靜態方法是面向對象語言解決對象重復構造方法時產生的，python模塊化語言也可以解決；

多態：將相似的方法包裝在同一個模塊中；

python支持模塊化編程，也支持反射；等同於面向對象編程java、.net

面向對象：可以創建模板

4、私有字段和私有方法

作用：安全

[[email protected] ~]# python index1.py
male
[[email protected] ~]# cat index1.py
#!/usr/bin/python27
#coding:utf-8

class Person():

#靜態字段
nation=‘中國‘

def __init__(self,name,age,gender):
#動態字段
self.name=name
self.age=age
#私有字段
self.__gender=gender

#動態方法
def Eat(self):
print self.name+‘ eating...‘

#靜態方法
@staticmethod
def Breath():
print ‘breathing...‘

#裝飾器
@property
def Sing(self):
print self.name+‘ singing...‘

@property --- 私有字段不能被外部訪問，但是可以使用方法訪問
def ShowGender(self):
return self.__gender

p1=Person(‘cxiong‘,29,‘male‘)
p2=Person(‘xmzhang‘,28,‘female‘)
print p1.ShowGender

只讀私有字段和可改寫私有字段

[[email protected] ~]# cat index1.py
#!/usr/bin/python27
#coding:utf-8

class Person(): --- 沒有繼承object是可讀可寫；繼承了object一個是可讀，一個是可寫

#靜態字段
nation=‘中國‘

def __init__(self,name,age,gender): --- 構造函數
#動態字段
self.name=name
self.age=age
#私有字段
self.__gender=gender

#動態方法
def Eat(self):
print self.name+‘ eating...‘

#靜態方法
@staticmethod
def Breath():
print ‘breathing...‘

#裝飾器
@property
def Sing(self):
print self.name+‘ singing...‘

#只讀私有字段
@property
def ShowGender(self):
return self.__gender

#可改私有字段
@ShowGender.setter
def ShowGender(self,value):
self.__gender=value

p1=Person(‘cxiong‘,29,‘male‘)
p2=Person(‘xmzhang‘,28,‘female‘)
print p1.ShowGender
p1.ShowGender=‘female‘
print p1.ShowGender

5、析構函數及__call__方法

[[email protected] ~]# python index1.py
male
female
解釋器要銷毀person了...
解釋器要銷毀person了...
[[email protected] ~]# cat index1.py
#!/usr/bin/python27
#coding:utf-8

class Person(object):

#靜態字段
nation=‘中國‘

#構造函數
def __init__(self,name,age,gender):
#動態字段
self.name=name
self.age=age
#私有字段
self.__gender=gender

#析構函數，用於銷毀對象時使用；一般不使用，常用於操作文件
def __del__(self):
print ‘解釋器要銷毀person了...‘

def __call__(self):
print ‘call‘

#動態方法
def Eat(self):
print self.name+‘ eating...‘

#靜態方法
@staticmethod
def Breath():
print ‘breathing...‘

#裝飾器
@property
def Sing(self):
print self.name+‘ singing...‘

#只讀私有字段
@property
def ShowGender(self):
return self.__gender

#可改私有字段
@ShowGender.setter
def ShowGender(self,value):
self.__gender=value

p1=Person(‘cxiong‘,29,‘male‘)
p2=Person(‘xmzhang‘,28,‘female‘)
print p1.ShowGender
p1.ShowGender=‘female‘
print p1.ShowGender

p1() #執行__call__方法

[[email protected] ~]# python index1.py
male
female
call
解釋器要銷毀person了...
解釋器要銷毀person了...

6、繼承

[[email protected] ~]# python index1.py
work hard...
cxiong singing...
breathing...
解釋器要銷毀person了...
[[email protected] ~]# cat index1.py
#!/usr/bin/python27
#coding:utf-8

class Person(object):

#靜態字段
nation=‘中國‘

#構造函數
def __init__(self,name,age,gender):
#動態字段
self.name=name
self.age=age
#私有字段
self.__gender=gender

#析構函數
def __del__(self):
print ‘解釋器要銷毀person了...‘

#動態方法
def Eat(self):
print self.name+‘ eating...‘

#
def __call__(self):
print ‘call‘

#靜態方法
@staticmethod
def Breath():
print ‘breathing...‘

#裝飾器
@property
def Sing(self):
print self.name+‘ singing...‘

#只讀私有字段
@property
def ShowGender(self):
return self.__gender

#可改私有字段
@ShowGender.setter
def ShowGender(self,value):
self.__gender=value

#man繼承Person類，私有方法__gender無法繼承
class man(Person):

#重寫__init__方法
def __init__(self):
self.name=‘cxiong‘
self.__gender=‘male‘

#新增work方法
def work(self):
print ‘work hard...‘

m1=man()
m1.work()
m1.Sing
m1.Breath()

7、新式類與經典類的區別

新式類：繼承object

經典類：不繼承object

使用新式類的原因：經典類存在多繼承bug，深度優先，而非廣度優先，請參考以下內容

https://docs.python.org/release/2.2.3/whatsnew/sect-rellinks.html

[[email protected] ~]# cat index1.py
#!/usr/bin/python27
#coding:utf-8

class Person(object):

#靜態字段
nation=‘中國‘

#構造函數
def __init__(self,name,age,gender):
#動態字段
self.name=name
self.age=age
#私有字段
self.__gender=gender
print ‘person init...‘

#析構函數
def __del__(self):
print ‘解釋器要銷毀person了...‘

#動態方法
def Eat(self):
print self.name+‘ eating...‘

#
def __call__(self):
print ‘call‘

#靜態方法
@staticmethod
def Breath():
print ‘breathing...‘

#裝飾器
@property
def Sing(self):
print self.name+‘ singing...‘

#只讀私有字段
@property
def ShowGender(self):
return self.__gender

#可改私有字段
@ShowGender.setter
def ShowGender(self,value):
self.__gender=value

#man繼承Person類
class man(Person):

#重寫__init__方法
def __init__(self):
self.name=‘cxiong‘
self.__gender=‘male‘
print ‘man init...‘
#調用父類的init方法1
Person.__init__(self,‘cxiong‘,29,‘male‘)
#調用父類的init方法2
super(man,self).__init__(‘cxiong‘,29,‘male‘)

#新增work方法
def work(self):
print ‘work hard...‘

m1=man()
m1.work()
m1.Sing
m1.Breath()

[[email protected] ~]# python index1.py
man init...
person init...
person init...
work hard...
cxiong singing...
breathing...
解釋器要銷毀person了...
[[email protected] ~]#

8、多繼承

python特有的特性

[[email protected] ~]# python multiple.py
this is D
save method from --A--
[[email protected] ~]# cat multiple.py
#!/usr/bin/python27
#coding:utf-8

class A:
def __init__(self):
print ‘this is A‘
def save(self):
print ‘save method from --A--‘

class B(A):
def __init__(self):
print ‘this is B‘

class C(A):
def __init__(self):
print ‘this is C‘
def save(self):
print ‘save method from --C--‘

class D(B,C):
def __init__(self):
print ‘this is D‘

c=D()
c.save()
[[email protected] ~]# vim multiple.py
[[email protected] ~]# python multiple.py
this is D
save method from --C--
[[email protected] ~]# cat multiple.py
#!/usr/bin/python27
#coding:utf-8

class A(object):
def __init__(self):
print ‘this is A‘
def save(self):
print ‘save method from --A--‘

class B(A):
def __init__(self):
print ‘this is B‘

class C(A):
def __init__(self):
print ‘this is C‘
def save(self):
print ‘save method from --C--‘

class D(B,C):
def __init__(self):
print ‘this is D‘

c=D()
c.save()
[[email protected] ~]#

9、接口

規範：抽象類+抽象方法=接口

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

class Bar:

__metaclass__ = ABCMeta
@abstractmethod

def Fun(self):pass

class Foo(Bar):

def __init__(self):

print ‘__init__‘

Foo()

python-裝飾器,類與對象,私有字段,析構,__call__,繼承,多繼承,接口