import numpy as np

def build_chessboard(N):
    chessboard = np.zeros((N,N))
    return chessboard

def print_chessboard(chessboard):
    N = len(chessboard)
    for r in range(N):
        for c in range(N):
            if chessboard[r,c] == 1:
                print (‘Q‘, end="")
            
 
else:
                print (‘.‘, end="")
        print ()
    print ()

# generate an empty 4x4 chessboard:
chessboard = build_chessboard(4)
print (chessboard)

# Place 4 non-attacking queens on this board
chessboard[1,0] = 1
chessboard[3,1] = 1
chessboard[0,2] = 1
chessboard[2,3] = 1

# Pretty print the resulting board
 

print_chessboard(chessboard)



def test(cb):
    cb[0, 0] = 1
    print_chessboard(cb)


chessboard = build_chessboard(4)
print_chessboard(chessboard)
test(chessboard.copy())  # try chessboard.copy() instead
print_chessboard(chessboard)  # oooops!


def test(b):
    b = b + 1
    print(b)
n = 1
print
 
(n)
test(n)
print(n)

import copy


def test(b):
    b.append(1)
    print(b)


n = [1, 2, 3]
print(n)
test(copy.copy(n))
print(n)
test(n)
print(n)


a=[]
copy.deepcopy(a)

import copy

# copy makes a copy of the outer-most object, but keeps the same references to the inner
# object.
a=[2,4,[6]]
print ("before: a=", a)

b=copy.copy(a)
b[0]+=1
b[2][0]+=1

print ("after: a=",a," b=", b, " (using copy)")

# deepcopy also makes a copy of each contained element (recursively)
a=[2,4,[6]]
b=copy.deepcopy(a)
b[0]+=1
b[2][0]+=1
print ("after: a=",a," b=", b, " (using deepcopy)")

總結一下：函數調用不可以改變原值（類似值傳遞的時候），但可以改變原list（append） 。deepcopy比copy安全，因為不會保留內層引用（copy，內層引用可能會導致內層值被修改）

python----函數調用 值的問題