1. 程式人生 > >MongoDB基礎教程系列--第七篇 MongoDB 聚合管道

MongoDB基礎教程系列--第七篇 MongoDB 聚合管道

https://www.cnblogs.com/liruihuan/p/6686570.html

在講解聚合管道(Aggregation Pipeline)之前,我們先介紹一下 MongoDB 的聚合功能,聚合操作主要用於對資料的批量處理,往往將記錄按條件分組以後,然後再進行一系列操作,例如,求最大值、最小值、平均值,求和等操作。聚合操作還能夠對記錄進行復雜的操作,主要用於數理統計和資料探勘。在 MongoDB 中,聚合操作的輸入是集合中的文件,輸出可以是一個文件,也可以是多條文件。

MongoDB 提供了非常強大的聚合操作,有三種方式:

  • 聚合管道(Aggregation Pipeline)
  • 單目的聚合操作(Single Purpose Aggregation Operation)
  • MapReduce 程式設計模型

在本篇中,重點講解聚合管道和單目的聚合操作,MapReduce 程式設計模型會在後續的文章中講解。

1、聚合管道

聚合管道是 MongoDB 2.2版本引入的新功能。它由階段(Stage)組成,文件在一個階段處理完畢後,聚合管道會把處理結果傳到下一個階段。

聚合管道功能:

  • 對文件進行過濾,查詢出符合條件的文件
  • 對文件進行變換,改變文件的輸出形式

每個階段用階段操作符(Stage Operators)定義,在每個階段操作符中可以用表示式操作符(Expression Operators)

計算總和、平均值、拼接分割字串等相關操作,直到每個階段進行完成,最終返回結果,返回的結果可以直接輸出,也可以儲存到集合中。

MongoDB 中使用 db.COLLECTION_NAME.aggregate([{<stage>},...]) 方法來構建和使用聚合管道。先看下官網給的例項,感受一下聚合管道的用法。

例項中,$match 用於獲取 status = "A" 的記錄,然後將符合條件的記錄送到下一階段 $group 中進行分組求和計算,最後返回 Results。其中,$match、$group 都是階段操作符,而階段 $group 中用到的 $sum 是表示式操作符。

在下面,我們通過範例分別對階段操作符和表示式操作符進行詳解。

1.1、階段操作符

使用階段操作符之前,我們先看一下 article 集合中的文件列表,也就是範例中用到的資料。

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>db.article.find().pretty()

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7570")

   "title""MongoDB Aggregate",

   "author""liruihuan",

   "tags": ['Mongodb''Database''Query'],

   "pages": 5,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:42:39.736Z")

},

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7571")

   "title""MongoDB Index",

   "author""liruihuan",

   "tags": ['Mongodb''Index''Query'],

   "pages": 3,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:43:39.236Z")

},

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7572")

   "title""MongoDB Query",

   "author""eryueyang",

   "tags": ['Mongodb''Query'],

   "pages": 8,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:44:56.276Z")

}

1.1.1、$project 

作用

修改文件的結構,可以用來重新命名、增加或刪除文件中的欄位。

範例1

只返回文件中 title 和 author 欄位

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>db.article.aggregate([{$project:{_id:0, title:1, author:1 }}])

"title""MongoDB Aggregate",  "author""liruihuan" },

"title""MongoDB Index",  "author""liruihuan" },

"title""MongoDB Query",  "author""eryueyang" }

因為欄位 _id 是預設顯示的,這裡必須用 _id:0 把欄位_id過濾掉。

範例2

把文件中 pages 欄位的值都增加10。並重命名成 newPages 欄位。

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>db.article.aggregate(

   [

      {

          $project:{

               _id:0,

               title:1,

               author:1,

               newPages: {$add:["$Pages",10]}

         }

      }

   ]

)

"title""MongoDB Aggregate",  "author""liruihuan""newPages": 15 },

"title""MongoDB Index",  "author""liruihuan""newPages": 13  },

"title""MongoDB Query",  "author""eryueyang""newPages": 18  }

其中,$add 是 加 的意思,是算術型別表示式操作符,具體表達式操作符,下面會講到。

1.1.2、$match

作用

用於過濾文件。用法類似於 find() 方法中的引數。

範例

查詢出文檔中 pages 欄位的值大於等於5的資料。

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>db.article.aggregate(

    [

         {

              $match: {"pages": {$gte: 5}}

         }

    ]

   ).pretty()

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7570")

   "title""MongoDB Aggregate",

   "author""liruihuan",

   "tags": ['Mongodb''Database''Query'],

   "pages": 5,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:42:39.736Z")

},

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7572")

   "title""MongoDB Query",

   "author""eryueyang",

   "tags": ['Mongodb''Query'],

   "pages": 8,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:44:56.276Z")

}

注:

  • 在 $match 中不能使用 $where 表示式操作符
  • 如果 $match 位於管道的第一個階段,可以利用索引來提高查詢效率
  • $match 中使用 $text 操作符的話,只能位於管道的第一階段
  • $match 儘量出現在管道的最前面,過濾出需要的資料,在後續的階段中可以提高效率。

1.1.3、$group

作用

將集合中的文件進行分組,可用於統計結果。

範例

從 article 中得到每個 author 的文章數,並輸入 author 和對應的文章數。

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>db.article.aggregate(

    [

         {

              $group: {_id: "$author", total: {$sum: 1}}

         }

    ]

   )

{"_id" "eryueyang""total" : 1}

{"_id" "liruihuan""total" : 2}

1.1.4、$sort

作用

將集合中的文件進行排序。

範例

讓集合 article 以 pages 升序排列

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>db.article.aggregate([{$sort: {"pages": 1}}]).pretty()

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7571")

   "title""MongoDB Index",

   "author""liruihuan",

   "tags": ['Mongodb''Index''Query'],

   "pages": 3,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:43:39.236Z")

},

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7570")

   "title""MongoDB Aggregate",

   "author""liruihuan",

   "tags": ['Mongodb''Database''Query'],

   "pages": 5,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:42:39.736Z")

},

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7572")

   "title""MongoDB Query",

   "author""eryueyang",

   "tags": ['Mongodb''Query'],

   "pages": 8,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:44:56.276Z")

}

  如果以降序排列,則設定成 "pages": -1

1.1.5、$limit

作用

限制返回的文件數量

範例

返回集合 article 中前兩條文件

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>db.article.aggregate([{$limit: 2}]).pretty()

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7570")

   "title""MongoDB Aggregate",

   "author""liruihuan",

   "tags": ['Mongodb''Database''Query'],

   "pages": 5,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:42:39.736Z")

},

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7571")

   "title""MongoDB Index",

   "author""liruihuan",

   "tags": ['Mongodb''Index''Query'],

   "pages": 3,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:43:39.236Z")

}

1.1.6、$skip

作用

跳過指定數量的文件,並返回餘下的文件。

範例

跳過集合 article 中一條文件,輸出剩下的文件

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>db.article.aggregate([{$skip: 1}]).pretty()

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7571")

   "title""MongoDB Index",

   "author""liruihuan",

   "tags": ['Mongodb''Index''Query'],

   "pages": 3,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:43:39.236Z")

},

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7572")

   "title""MongoDB Query",

   "author""eryueyang",

   "tags": ['Mongodb''Query'],

   "pages": 8,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:44:56.276Z")

}

1.1.7、$unwind

作用

將文件中陣列型別的欄位拆分成多條,每條文件包含陣列中的一個值。

範例

把集合 article 中 title="MongoDB Aggregate" 的 tags 欄位拆分

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>db.article.aggregate(

    [

         {

              $match: {"title""MongoDB Aggregate"}

         },

         {

              $unwind: "$tags"

         }

    ]

   ).pretty()

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7570")

   "title""MongoDB Aggregate",

   "author""liruihuan",

   "tags""Mongodb",

   "pages": 5,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:42:39.736Z")

},

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7570")

   "title""MongoDB Aggregate",

   "author""liruihuan",

   "tags""Database",

   "pages": 5,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:42:39.736Z")

},

{

   "_id": ObjectId("58e1d2f0bb1bbc3245fa7570")

   "title""MongoDB Aggregate",

   "author""liruihuan",

   "tags""Query",

   "pages": 5,

   "time" : ISODate("2017-04-09T11:42:39.736Z")

}

注:

  • $unwind 引數陣列欄位為空或不存在時,待處理的文件將會被忽略,該文件將不會有任何輸出
  • $unwind 引數不是一個數組型別時,將會丟擲異常
  • $unwind 所作的修改,只用於輸出,不能改變原文件

1.2、表示式操作符

 表示式操作符有很多操作型別,其中最常用的有布林管道聚合操作、集合操作、比較聚合操作、算術聚合操作、字串聚合操作、陣列聚合操作、日期聚合操作、條件聚合操作、資料型別聚合操作等。每種型別都有很多用法,這裡就不一一舉例了。

1.2.1、布林管道聚合操作(Boolean Aggregation Operators)

名稱 說明
$and Returns true only when all its expressions evaluate to true. Accepts any number of argument expressions.
$or Returns true when any of its expressions evaluates to true. Accepts any number of argument expressions.
$not Returns the boolean value that is the opposite of its argument expression. Accepts a single argument expression.

範例

假如有一個集合 mycol

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"_id" : 1, "item" "abc1", description: "product 1", qty: 300 }

"_id" : 2, "item" "abc2", description: "product 2", qty: 200 }

"_id" : 3, "item" "xyz1", description: "product 3", qty: 250 }

"_id" : 4, "item" "VWZ1", description: "product 4", qty: 300 }

"_id" : 5, "item" "VWZ2", description: "product 5", qty: 180 }

確定 qty 是否大於250或者小於200

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db.mycol.aggregate(

   [

     {

       $project:

          {

            item: 1,

            result: { $or: [ { $gt: [ "$qty", 250 ] }, { $lt: [ "$qty", 200 ] } ] }

          }

     }

   ]

)

"_id" : 1, "item" "abc1""result" true }

"_id" : 2, "item" "abc2""result" false }

"_id" : 3, "item" "xyz1""result" false }

"_id" : 4, "item" "VWZ1""result" true }

"_id" : 5, "item" "VWZ2""result" true }

1.2.2、集合操作(Set Operators)

用於集合操作,求集合的並集、交集、差集運算。

名稱 說明
$setEquals Returns true if the input sets have the same distinct elements. Accepts two or more argument expressions.
$setIntersection Returns a set with elements that appear in all of the input sets. Accepts any number of argument expressions.
$setUnion Returns a set with elements that appear in any of the input sets. Accepts any number of argument expressions.
$setDifference Returns a set with elements that appear in the first set but not in the second set; i.e. performs a relative complement of the second set relative to the first. Accepts exactly two argument expressions.
$setIsSubset Returns true if all elements of the first set appear in the second set, including when the first set equals the second set; i.e. not a strict subset. Accepts exactly two argument expressions.
$anyElementTrue Returns true if any elements of a set evaluate to true; otherwise, returns false. Accepts a single argument expression.
$allElementsTrue Returns true if no element of a set evaluates to false, otherwise, returns false. Accepts a single argument expression.

範例

假如有一個集合 mycol

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"_id" : 1, "A" : [ "red""blue" ], "B" : [ "red""blue" ] }

"_id" : 2, "A" : [ "red""blue" ], "B" : [ "blue""red""blue" ] }

"_id" : 3, "A" : [ "red""blue" ], "B" : [ "red""blue""green" ] }

"_id" : 4, "A" : [ "red""blue" ], "B" : [ "green""red" ] }

"_id" : 5, "A" : [ "red""blue" ], "B" : [ ] }

"_id" : 6, "A" : [ "red""blue" ], "B" : [ [ "red" ], [ "blue" ] ] }

"_id" : 7, "A" : [ "red""blue" ], "B" : [ [ "red""blue" ] ] }

"_id" : 8, "A" : [ ], "B" : [ ] }

"_id" : 9, "A" : [ ], "B" : [ "red" ] }

求出集合 mycol 中 A 和 B 的交集

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db.mycol.aggregate(

   [

     { $project: { A:1, B: 1, allValues: { $setUnion: [ "$A""$B" ] }, _id: 0 } }

   ]

)

"A": [ "red""blue" ], "B": [ "red""blue" ], "allValues": [ "blue""red" ] }

"A": [ "red""blue" ], "B": [ "blue""red""blue" ], "allValues": [ "blue""red" ] }

"A": [ "red""blue" ], "B": [ "red""blue""green" ], "allValues": [ "blue""red""green" ] }

"A": [ "red""blue" ], "B": [ "green""red" ], "allValues": [ "blue""red""green" ] }

"A": [ "red""blue" ], "B": [ ], "allValues": [ "blue""red" ] }

"A": [ "red""blue" ], "B": [ [ "red" ], [ "blue" ] ], "allValues": [ "blue""red", [ "red" ], [ "blue" ] ] }

"A": [ "red""blue" ], "B": [ [ "red""blue" ] ], "allValues": [ "blue""red", [ "red""blue" ] ] }

"A": [ ], "B": [ ], "allValues": [ ] }

"A": [ ], "B": [ "red" ], "allValues": [ "red" ] }

1.2.3、比較聚合操作(Comparison Aggregation Operators)

名稱 說明
$cmp Returns: 0 if the two values are equivalent, 1 if the first value is greater than the second, and -1 if the first value is less than the second.
$eq Returns true if the values are equivalent.
$gt Returns true if the first value is greater than the second.
$gte Returns true if the first value is greater than or equal to the second.
$lt Returns true if the first value is less than the second.
$lte Returns true if the first value is less than or equal to the second.
$ne Returns true if the values are not equivalent.

這裡就不舉例了,之前的例子有用到過。

1.2.4、算術聚合操作(Arithmetic Aggregation Operators)

名稱 說明
$abs Returns the absolute value of a number.
$add Adds numbers to return the sum, or adds numbers and a date to return a new date. If adding numbers and a date, treats the numbers as milliseconds. Accepts any number of argument expressions, but at most, one expression can resolve to a date.
$ceil Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to the specified number.
$divide Returns the result of dividing the first number by the second. Accepts two argument expressions.
$exp Raises e to the specified exponent.
$floor Returns the largest integer less than or equal to the specified number.
$ln Calculates the natural log of a number.
$log Calculates the log of a number in the specified base.
$log10 Calculates the log base 10 of a number.
$mod Returns the remainder of the first number divided by the second. Accepts two argument expressions.
$multiply Multiplies numbers to return the product. Accepts any number of argument expressions.
$pow Raises a number to the specified exponent.
$sqrt Calculates the square root.
$subtract Returns the result of subtracting the second value from the first. If the two values are numbers, return the difference. If the two values are dates, return the difference in milliseconds. If the two values are a date and a number in milliseconds, return the resulting date. Accepts two argument expressions. If the two values are a date and a number, specify the date argument first as it is not meaningful to subtract a date from a number.
$trunc Truncates a number to its integer.

範例

假如有一個集合 mycol

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{ _id: 1, start: 5, end: 8 }

{ _id: 2, start: 4, end: 4 }

{ _id: 3, start: 9, end: 7 }

{ _id: 4, start: 6, end: 7 }

求集合 mycol 中 start 減去 end 的絕對值

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db.mycol.aggregate([

   {

     $project: { delta: { $abs: { $subtract: [ "$start""$end" ] } } }

   }

])

"_id" : 1, "delta" : 3 }

"_id" : 2, "delta" : 0 }

"_id" : 3, "delta" : 2 }

"_id" : 4, "delta" : 1 }

1.2.5、字串聚合操作(String Aggregation Operators)

名稱 說明
$concat Concatenates any number of strings.
$indexOfBytes Searches a string for an occurence of a substring and returns the UTF-8 byte index of the first occurence. If the substring is not found, returns -1.
$indexOfCP Searches a string for an occurence of a substring and returns the UTF-8 code point index of the first occurence. If the substring is not found, returns -1.
$split Splits a string into substrings based on a delimiter. Returns an array of substrings. If the delimiter is not found within the string, returns an array containing the original string.
$strLenBytes Returns the number of UTF-8 encoded bytes in a string.
$strLenCP Returns the number of UTF-8 code points in a string.
$strcasecmp Performs case-insensitive string comparison and returns: 0 if two strings are equivalent, 1 if the first string is greater than the second, and -1 if the first string is less than the second.
$substr Deprecated. Use $substrBytes or $substrCP.
$substrBytes Returns the substring of a string. Starts with the character at the specified UTF-8 byte index (zero-based) in the string and continues for the specified number of bytes.
$substrCP Returns the substring of a string. Starts with the character at the specified UTF-8 code point (CP) index (zero-based) in the string and continues for the number of code points specified.
$toLower Converts a string to lowercase. Accepts a single argument expression.
$toUpper Converts a string to uppercase. Accepts a single argument expression.

範例

假如有一個集合 mycol

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"_id" : 1, "city" "Berkeley, CA""qty" : 648 }

"_id" : 2, "city" "Bend, OR""qty" : 491 }

"_id" : 3, "city" "Kensington, CA""qty" : 233 }

"_id" : 4, "city" "Eugene, OR""qty" : 842 }

"_id" : 5, "city" "Reno, NV""qty" : 655 }

"_id" : 6, "city" "Portland, OR""qty" : 408 }

"_id" : 7, "city" "Sacramento, CA""qty" : 574 }

以 ',' 分割集合 mycol 中字串city的值,用 $unwind 拆分成多個文件,匹配出城市名稱只有兩個字母的城市,並求和各個城市中 qty 的值,最後以降序排序。

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db.mycol.aggregate([

  { $project : { city_state : { $split: ["$city"", "] }, qty : 1 } },

  { $unwind : "$city_state" },

  { $match : { city_state : /[A-Z]{2}/ } },

  { $group : { _id: { "state" "$city_state" }, total_qty : { "$sum" "$qty" } } },

  { $sort : { total_qty : -1 } }

])

"_id" : { "state" "OR" }, "total_qty" : 1741 }

"_id" : { "state" "CA" }, "total_qty" : 1455 }

"_id" : { "state" "NV" }, "total_qty" : 655 }

1.2.6、陣列聚合操作(Array Aggregation Operators)

 

名稱 說明
$arrayElemAt Returns the element at the specified array index.
$concatArrays Concatenates arrays to return the concatenated array.
$filter Selects a subset of the array to return an array with only the elements that match the filter condition.
$indexOfArray Searches an array for an occurence of a specified value and returns the array index of the first occurence. If the substring is not found, returns -1.
$isArray Determines if the operand is an array. Returns a boolean.
$range Outputs an array containing a sequence of integers according to user-defined inputs.
$reverseArray Returns an array with the elements in reverse order.
$reduce Applies an expression to each element in an array and combines them into a single value.
$size Returns the number of elements in the array. Accepts a single expression as argument.
$slice Returns a subset of an array.
$zip Merge two lists together.
$in Returns a boolean indicating whether a specified value is in an array.

範例

假如有一個集合 mycol

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"_id" : 1, "name" "dave123", favorites: [ "chocolate""cake""butter""apples" ] }

"_id" : 2, "name" "li", favorites: [ "apples""pudding""pie" ] }

"_id" : 3, "name" "ahn", favorites: [ "pears""pecans""chocolate""cherries" ] }

"_id" : 4, "name" "ty", favorites: [ "ice cream" ] }

求出集合 mycol 中 favorites 的第一項和最後一項

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db.mycol.aggregate([

   {

     $project:

      {

         name: 1,

         first: { $arrayElemAt: [ "$favorites", 0 ] },

         last: { $arrayElemAt: [ "$favorites", -1 ] }

      }

   }

])

"_id" : 1, "name" "dave123""first" "chocolate""last" "apples" }

"_id" : 2, "name" "li""first" "apples""last" "pie" }

"_id" : 3, "name" "ahn""first" "pears""last" "cherries" }

"_id" : 4, "name" "ty""first" "ice cream""last" "ice cream" }

1.2.7、日期聚合操作(Date Aggregation Operators)

名稱 說明
$dayOfYear Returns the day of the year for a date as a number between 1 and 366 (leap year).
$dayOfMonth Returns the day of the month for a date as a number between 1 and 31.
$dayOfWeek Returns the day of the week for a date as a number between 1 (Sunday) and 7 (Saturday).
$year Returns the year for a date as a number (e.g. 2014).
$month Returns the month for a date as a number between 1 (January) and 12 (December).
$week Returns the week number for a date as a number between 0 (the partial week that precedes the first Sunday of the year) and 53 (leap year).
$hour Returns the hour for a date as a number between 0 and 23.
$minute Returns the minute for a date as a number between 0 and 59.
$second Returns the seconds for a date as a number between 0 and 60 (leap seconds).
$millisecond Returns the milliseconds of a date as a number between 0 and 999.
$dateToString Returns the date as a formatted string.
$isoDayOfWeek Returns the weekday number in ISO 8601 format, ranging from 1 (for Monday) to 7 (for Sunday).
$isoWeek Returns the week number in ISO 8601 format, ranging from 1 to 53. Week numbers start at 1 with the week (Monday through Sunday) that contains the year’s first Thursday.
$isoWeekYear Returns the year number in ISO 8601 format. The year starts with the Monday of week 1 (ISO 8601) and ends with the Sunday of the last week (ISO 8601).

範例

假如有一個集合 mycol

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"_id" : 1, "item" "abc""price" : 10, "quantity" : 2, "date" : ISODate("2017-01-01T08:15:39.736Z") }

得到集合 mycol 中 date 欄位的相關日期值

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db.mycol.aggregate(

   [

     {

       $project:

         {

           year: { $year"$date" },

           month: { $month"$date" },

           day: { $dayOfMonth: "$date" },

           hour: { $hour"$date" },

           minutes: { $minute"$date" },

           seconds: { $second"$date" },

           milliseconds: { $millisecond: "$date" },

           dayOfYear: { $dayOfYear: "$date" },

           dayOfWeek: { $dayOfWeek: "$date" },

           week: { $week: "$date" }

         }

     }

   ]

)

{

  "_id" : 1,

  "year" : 2017,

  "month" : 1,

  "day" : 1,

  "hour" : 8,

  "minutes" : 15,

  "seconds" : 39,

  "milliseconds" : 736,

  "dayOfYear" : 1,

  "dayOfWeek" : 1,

  "week" : 0

}

1.2.8、條件聚合操作(Conditional Aggregation Operators)

名稱 說明
$cond A ternary operator that evaluates one expression, and depending on the result, returns the value of one of the other two expressions. Accepts either three expressions in an ordered list or three named parameters.
$ifNull Returns either the non-null result of the first expression or the result of the second expression if the first expression results in a null result. Null result encompasses instances of undefined values or missing fields. Accepts two expressions as arguments. The result of the second expression can be null.
$switch Evaluates a series of case expressions. When it finds an expression which evaluates to true$switch executes