Linux系統中的系統分割槽管理
阿新 • • 發佈：2018-11-22
儲存是每個計算機系統的基本需求 .Red Hat Linux 提供了一些強大的工具 , 它們能在大量的場景中管理多種型別的儲存裝置
本地儲存裝置的區別
fdisk -l #列出磁碟分割槽資訊，系統中真實存在的硬碟，但是不一定能夠識別
cat /proc/partitions #系統識別也不一定能用
blkid #列出系統中可以使用的裝置id，能夠識別，也能夠使用的
df #檢視系統中正在使用的裝置資訊，系統正在掛載的裝置fdisk -l
cat /proc/partitions
blkid
df
裝置的掛載和解除安裝
1.裝置名稱
/dev/xdx ##/dev/hd0 /dev/hd1 /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dec/sda1 /dev/sda2
/dev/sr0 ##光碟機
/dev/mapper/* ##虛擬裝置
/sda ##系統第一塊串列埠硬碟，a代表第一塊
/cdrom，/dev/sr0 ##代表光碟機
/hd0 ##系統閉口硬碟
2.裝置的掛載
mount 裝置 掛載點 #掛載 umount /mnt #解除安裝掛載到/mnt下，可能會掛載到別的目錄下 umount /dev/sdb1 #解除安裝u盤掛載 注意：在/mnt/目錄下解除安裝不了
mount -o ro /dev/sdb1 /mnt/ #只讀掛載
mount -o remount,rw /dev/sdb1 | /mnt/ #重新讀寫掛載
mount #檢視掛載資訊
注意：兩個裝置掛載到同一個目錄上，第二個會將第一個覆蓋，一般情況下不能掛載在同一個目錄下
3.解決裝置正忙的情況
解決方法1:
fuser -kvm /mnt
umount /mnt
解決方法2：
lsof /mnt/
kill -9 程序號
umount /mnt
磁碟分割槽
1.硬碟0磁軌1扇區的512個位元組中記錄的資訊如下：
512 = 446 +64 +2 位元組
mbr mot 55aa
mbr 主引導記錄
mpt 主分割槽標
55aa 硬碟有效標識注意：
mpt 硬碟分割槽標 64位元組
一塊硬碟上最多可以劃分4個主分割槽，每個分五佔16個位元組，記錄分割槽
硬碟的分割槽：主分割槽、擴充套件分割槽、邏輯分割槽
主分割槽；用主分割槽表記錄的分割槽
擴充套件分割槽：主分割槽表記錄的容器，不能直接使用
邏輯分割槽：容器中的分割槽分割槽表記錄容器資訊，容器自己記錄容器分割槽
2.分割槽步驟
第一步：fdisk -l
[[email protected] Desktop]# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vda1 * 2048 20970332 10484142+ 83 Linux
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
第二步：fdisk /dev/ 進入分割槽介面
command (m for help): m
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition ##刪除
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types ##查詢分割槽id
m print this menu ##查詢幫助
n add a new partition ##新建
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table ##顯示分割槽
q quit without saving changes ##退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id ##修改分割槽id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit ##儲存分割槽標資訊到硬碟
x extra functionality (experts only)
第三步：建立主分割槽
[[email protected] Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x312c67f3.
Command (m for help): n ##新建分割槽
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) ##主分割槽
e extended ##擴充套件分割槽
Select (default p):
Using default response p ##選擇預設
Partition number (1-4, default 1):
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M ##100M
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p ##檢視分割槽
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): wq ##儲存並退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
第四步：格式化分割槽 mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1
[[email protected] Desktop]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1
meta-data=/dev/vdb1 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0檢視可用裝置，此時/dev/vdb1為可用裝置
[[email protected] Desktop]# blkid
/dev/vda1: UUID="9bf6b9f7-92ad-441b-848e-0257cbb883d1" TYPE="xfs"
/dev/vdb1: UUID="0168a321-bdd9-4ef5-b476-83de5ecd8b63" TYPE="xfs"
第五步：掛載,裝置掛載之後才能使用
[[email protected] Desktop]# mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt/
[[email protected] Desktop]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3165192 7308708 31% /
devtmpfs 469344 0 469344 0% /dev
tmpfs 484932 140 484792 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484932 12736 472196 3% /run
tmpfs 484932 0 484932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1 98988 5280 93708 6% /mnt
[[email protected] Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n ####繼續新增分割槽
Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (2-4, default 2):
First sector (206848-20971519, default 206848):
Using default value 206848
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (206848-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3):
First sector (411648-20971519, default 411648):
Using default value 411648
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (411648-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e): ####當新增到第四個分割槽，預設分割槽為擴充套件分割槽e
Using default response e
Selected partition 4
First sector (616448-20971519, default 616448):
Using default value 616448
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (616448-20971519, default 20971519):
Using default value 20971519
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 9.7 GiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
注意：
1.若新增完成一個分割槽之後繼續新增，會出現warning ,此時可以手動同步分割槽partprobe
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.手動同步分割槽標
[[email protected] Desktop]# partprobe
[[email protected] Desktop]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 102400 vdb1
253 18 102400 vdb2
253 19 102400 vdb3
253 20 1 vdb4
2.當系統已經有三個主分割槽時，新增擴充套件分割槽
新增擴充套件分割槽後，不能對擴充套件分割槽進行格式化，要對擴充套件分割槽中的邏輯分割槽進行格式化
[[email protected] Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (618496-20971519, default 618496):
Using default value 618496
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (618496-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended ##把剩下的空間全給擴充套件分割槽
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[[email protected] Desktop]# partprobe
[[email protected] Desktop]# cat /proc/partitions
major minor #blocks name
253 0 10485760 vda
253 1 10484142 vda1
253 16 10485760 vdb
253 17 102400 vdb1
253 18 102400 vdb2
253 19 102400 vdb3
253 20 1 vdb4
253 21 102400 vdb5
[[email protected] Desktop]# mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb5
meta-data=/dev/vdb5 isize=256 agcount=4, agsize=6400 blks
= sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1
= crc=0
data = bsize=4096 blocks=25600, imaxpct=25
= sunit=0 swidth=0 blks
naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=0
log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=853, version=2
= sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
[[email protected] Desktop]# mount /dev/vdb5 /test/
[[email protected] Desktop]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3165944 7307956 31% /
devtmpfs 469344 0 469344 0% /dev
tmpfs 484932 472 484460 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484932 12792 472140 3% /run
tmpfs 484932 0 484932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/vdb1 98988 5280 93708 6% /mnt
/dev/vdb5 98988 5280 93708 6% /test
永久掛載：
vim /etc/fatab 開機自動掛載策略檔案
/dev/vdb5 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
分割槽 掛載點 格式 掛載引數 是否備份 是否檢測
檔案系統比較
ext3 是rhel5及之前的版本，最多支援32TB的檔案系統和2T檔案，實際2TB檔案系統，16G檔案
ext4 是 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 的標準檔案系統。它非常強靠 ,具有多項可以提高現代工作量處理效能的功能，最多支援1EB的檔案系統和16T檔案
ext2 是常用於 Linux 中的較舊的檔案系統。它簡單可靠 , 非常適合小型儲存裝置 , 但是效率低於 ext4
vfat 支援包括一系列相關檔案系統 ( VFAT/FAT16 ,FAT32 ), 這些檔案系統針對較舊版本的 Microsoft Windows 開發 , 在大量的系統和裝置上受支援
xfs 在 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 的標準檔案系統其具備資料完全、效能穩定、擴充套件性強 ( 8eb-1byte ) 、傳輸速率高 ( 7G/s )，最多支援18EB的檔案系統和9E檔案 7G/s 4G/s
swap分割槽管理
換空間或交換區是磁碟驅動器上的空間 , 用作當前未使用部分記憶體的溢位。這樣 , 系統就能在主記憶體中留出空間用於儲存當前正在處理的資料 , 並在系統面臨主記憶體空間不足的風險時提供應急溢位
swap分割槽新建
第一步：使用 fdisk 建立新分割槽。此外 , 在用 fdisk 儲存更改之前 , 將分割槽型別更改為 “ 0x82 Linux Swap”
[[email protected] Desktop]# swapon -s
[[email protected] Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 6
First sector (825344-20971519, default 825344):
Using default value 825344
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (825344-20971519, default 20971519): +100M
Partition 6 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb6 825344 1030143 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): t ####更改型別
Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6
Hex code (type L to list all codes): l
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 27 Hidden NTFS Win 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 39 Plan 9 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 3c PartitionMagic 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 40 Venix 80286 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 41 PPC PReP Boot 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 42 SFS 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d QNX4.x 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 50 OnTrack DM 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52 CP/M a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 55 EZ-Drive a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b
11 Hidden FAT12 56 Golden Bow a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaq diagnost 5c Priam Edisk a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 Hidden FAT16 <3 61 SpeedStor ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary
16 Hidden FAT16 63 GNU HURD or Sys af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 64 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 AST SmartSleep 65 Novell Netware b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto
1b Hidden W95 FAT3 70 DiskSecure Mult bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep
1c Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX be Solaris boot ff BBT
1e Hidden W95 FAT1 80 Old Minix
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 ##改換分割槽
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb6 825344 1030143 102400 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.第二步：準備好將分割槽用作交換區
[[email protected] Desktop]# mkswap /dev/vdb6
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 102396 KiB
no label, UUID=bffb98b1-3b73-41e8-b132-18df4d95cd22
第三步：將新交換空間新增到 /etc/fstab 
第四步：swapon -a 將啟用新交換區
[[email protected] Desktop]# swapon -a /dev/vdb6swapon -s 將顯示當前交換區的狀態
[[email protected] Desktop]# swapon -s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/vdb6 partition 102396 0 -1
swap分割槽刪除
第一步：編輯 /etc/fstab檔案，將檔案內容刪除
第二步：swapoff /dev/vdaN 將停用該特定交換區
[[email protected] Desktop]# swapoff /dev/vdb6第三步：fdisk /dev/vdb，進入編輯介面，刪除裝置
[[email protected] Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): d ##刪除裝置
Partition number (1-6, default 6): 6
Partition 6 is deleted
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x312c67f3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
Command (m for help): wq
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.注意：刪除裝置之前程式要先停止,否則會出現錯誤，出現錯誤時，解掛載後，同步分割槽
第四步：同步分割槽標
partprobe
配額
1.什麼是quota
簡單的說就是限制使用者對磁碟空間的使用量。
因為Linux是多使用者多工的作業系統，許多人共用磁碟空間，為了合理的分配磁碟空間，於是就有了quota的出現。
2.quota的用途
顯示磁碟使用情況和配額
3.quota的一般作用物件
（1）針對WWW server
（2）針對mail server
（3）針對file server
4.quota的限制
（1）僅能針對整個檔案系統
（2）需要kernel的支援
（3）只對一般使用者有效
5.如何設定配額的限額？？？
第一步:開啟quota功能
mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb5 /westos
chmod 777 /westos
第二步：設定student使用者對磁碟/dev/vdb5的配額，使用edquota -u student命令編輯檔案
filesystem blocks soft hard inodes soft hard
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1:檔案系統，說明該限制值時針對哪個檔案系統
2：磁碟容量，這個值時quota自己算出來的，不要更改
3：磁碟容量的soft限制值
4：磁碟容量的hard限制值
5：檔案數量，quota自己算出來的，不要改動
6：inode的soft值
7：inode的hard值
soft/hard為0時，表示沒有限制，我們需要的是設定blocks的soft/hard值，inode的不要更改
如何讓配額自動掛載，需要編輯/etc/fstab檔案？？
vim /etc/fstab
/dev/vdb5 /pub xfs defauits,usrquota 0 0
測試：切換到student使用者進行測試