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《詳解比特幣白皮書》-Privacy 隱私

The traditional banking model achieves a level of privacy by limiting access to information to the parties involved and the trusted third party.The necessity to announce all transactions publicly precludes this method, but privacy can still be maintained by breaking the flow of information in another place: by keeping public keys anonymous.

傳統的銀行模型,通過限制交易各方和可信第三方資訊訪問權的方式,來達到一定級別的私密。(比特幣)必須公開通告所有交易的特性與這種方式八字不合,但是通過在另一處打斷資訊流,隱私權仍然可以保留,即:保持公鑰的匿名性

The public can see that someone is sending an amount to someone else, but without information linking the transaction to anyone. This is similar to the level of information released by stock exchanges, where the time and size of individual trades, the "tape", is made public, but without telling who the parties were. 

公眾可以看到某人向某人送了一定金,卻看不到與筆交易關的任何人的資訊。券交易所布的資訊級別類似,在什麼時間有多大模的個體交易,即所行情,是公開的,但並不透露各方是

As an additional firewall, a new key pair should be used for each transaction to keep them from being linked to a common owner. Some linking is still unavoidable with multi-input transactions, which necessarily reveal that their inputs were owned by the same owner. The risk is that if the owner of a key is revealed, linking could reveal other transactions that belonged to the same owner. 

還有一道額外的防火牆,即每一筆交易都應使用一對新的金鑰以防止通過這些金鑰關聯到一個共同的所有者。在多輸入的交易當中,一些關聯也是不可避免的,這些交易必然暴露了它們的多個輸入來源於同一個所有者。(這當中的)風險在於,一旦金鑰的所有者被暴露,其關聯將暴露該所有者的其他交易

注:第9部分講到每一筆交易有兩個輸出,一個用於支付,一個用於找零。實際上,結合新金鑰對的生成,可以理解為每次交易都花掉了所有資金,只是找零的部分支付給了新的自己

公鑰的匿名性,構成了比特幣獨特的身份隔離機制。而用過即棄的金鑰使用方式,又加強了交易身份的猜解難度。這種對隱私的保護方式讓人又愛又恨。一方面,公眾只能看到金額在不同的賬戶之間流動,卻無法具體定位賬戶背後現實的自然人,保證了賬戶私密性;另一方面,如果某個人遺失了金鑰或者賬戶資金被盜,基本不存在任何有助於追回資金的旁證,增加了賬戶管理風險。

這個特性也是比特幣被廣大權力機構所排斥的根源。雖然賬戶之間的交易是安全的,但同時也是脫離監管的。沒有任何可追溯到人的賬戶資訊,儲存在任何一個可通過行使行政權力集中審計的地方。這很容易被非法交易和金融犯罪所利用。但是,監管問題猶如數字貨幣頭上懸著的達摩克利斯之劍,應該催生與之匹配的金融監管新技術和新模式,而不是形成一味否認、避之不及的應對態度。