Go基本安裝及環境變數說明

阿新 • • 發佈：2018-12-23

為方便開發，在開發環境的安裝中需要注意的是個三個環境變數的設定：

1、$GOROOT：go的安裝目錄，配置後不會再更改；

2、$PATH：需要將go的bin目錄新增到系統$PATH中以便方便使用go的相關命令，配置後也不會再更改；

3、$GOPATH：go專案在本地的開發環境的的專案根路徑(以便專案編譯，go build, go install)，不同的專案在編譯的時候該環境變數可以不同

$GOROOT
    The root of the Go tree, often $HOME/go1.X. Its value is built into the tree when it is compiled, and defaults to the parent of the directory where all.bash was run. There is no need to set this unless you want to switch between multiple local copies of the repository.


$GOROOT_FINAL
    The value assumed by installed binaries and scripts when $GOROOT is not set explicitly. It defaults to the value of $GOROOT. If you want to build the Go tree in one location but move it elsewhere after the build, set $GOROOT_FINAL to the eventual location.


$GOOS and $GOARCH
    The name of the target operating system and compilation architecture. These default to the values of $GOHOSTOS and $GOHOSTARCH respectively (described below).

    Choices for $GOOS are darwin (Mac OS X 10.8 and above and iOS), dragonfly, freebsd, linux, netbsd, openbsd, plan9, solaris and windows. Choices for $GOARCH are amd64 (64-bit x86, the most mature port), 386 (32-bit x86), arm (32-bit ARM), arm64 (64-bit ARM), ppc64le (PowerPC 64-bit, little-endian), ppc64 (PowerPC 64-bit, big-endian), mips64le (MIPS 64-bit, little-endian), and mips64 (MIPS 64-bit, big-endian). mipsle (MIPS 32-bit, little-endian), and mips (MIPS 32-bit, big-endian). The valid combinations of $GOOS and $GOARCH are:

    $GOOS      $GOARCH
    android    arm
    darwin     386
    darwin     amd64
    darwin     arm
    darwin     arm64
    dragonfly  amd64
    freebsd    386
    freebsd    amd64
    freebsd    arm
    linux      386
    linux      amd64
    linux      arm
    linux      arm64
    linux      ppc64
    linux      ppc64le
    linux      mips
    linux      mipsle
    linux      mips64
    linux      mips64le
    netbsd     386
    netbsd     amd64
    netbsd     arm
    openbsd    386
    openbsd    amd64
    openbsd    arm
    plan9      386
    plan9      amd64
    solaris    amd64
    windows    386
    windows    amd64


$GOHOSTOS and $GOHOSTARCH
    The name of the host operating system and compilation architecture. These default to the local system's operating system and architecture.
    
    Valid choices are the same as for $GOOS and $GOARCH, listed above. The specified values must be compatible with the local system. For example, you should not set $GOHOSTARCH to arm on an x86 system.
    

$GOBIN
    The location where Go binaries will be installed. The default is $GOROOT/bin. After installing, you will want to arrange to add this directory to your $PATH, so you can use the tools. If $GOBIN is set, the go command installs all commands there.


$GO386 (for 386 only, default is auto-detected if built on either 386 or amd64, 387 otherwise)
    This controls the code generated by gc to use either the 387 floating-point unit (set to 387) or SSE2 instructions (set to sse2) for floating point computations.
    
    GO386=387: use x87 for floating point operations; should support all x86 chips (Pentium MMX or later).
    GO386=sse2: use SSE2 for floating point operations; has better performance than 387, but only available on Pentium 4/Opteron/Athlon 64 or later.


$GOARM (for arm only; default is auto-detected if building on the target processor, 6 if not)
    This sets the ARM floating point co-processor architecture version the run-time should target. If you are compiling on the target system, its value will be auto-detected.
    
    GOARM=5: use software floating point; when CPU doesn't have VFP co-processor
    GOARM=6: use VFPv1 only; default if cross compiling; usually ARM11 or better cores (VFPv2 or better is also supported)
    GOARM=7: use VFPv3; usually Cortex-A cores
    If in doubt, leave this variable unset, and adjust it if required when you first run the Go executable. The GoARM page on the Go community wiki contains further details regarding Go's ARM support.

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$GOROOTTherootoftheGotree,often$HOME/go1.X.Itsvalueisbuiltintothetreewhenitiscompiled,anddefaultstotheparentofthedirectorywhereall.bashwasrun.

Thereisnoneedtosetthisunlessyouwanttoswitchbetweenmultiplelocalcopiesoftherepository.$GOROOT_FINALThevalueassumedbyinstalledbinariesandscriptswhen$GOROOTisnotsetexplicitly.Itdefaultstothevalueof$GOROOT.IfyouwanttobuildtheGotreeinonelocationbutmoveitelsewhereafterthebuild,set$GOROOT_FINALtotheeventuallocation.

$GOOSand$GOARCHThenameofthetargetoperatingsystemandcompilationarchitecture.Thesedefaulttothevaluesof$GOHOSTOSand$GOHOSTARCHrespectively(describedbelow).Choicesfor$GOOSaredarwin(MacOSX10.8andaboveandiOS),dragonfly,freebsd,linux,netbsd,openbsd,plan9,solarisandwindows.Choicesfor$GOARCHareamd64(64-bitx86,themostmatureport),386(32-bitx86),arm(32-bitARM),arm64(64-bitARM),ppc64le(PowerPC64-bit,little-endian),ppc64(PowerPC64-bit,big-endian),mips64le(MIPS64-bit,little-endian),andmips64(MIPS64-bit,big-endian).mipsle(MIPS32-bit,little-endian),andmips(MIPS32-bit,big-endian).Thevalidcombinationsof$GOOSand$GOARCHare:$GOOS$GOARCHandroidarmdarwin386darwinamd64darwinarmdarwinarm64dragonflyamd64freebsd386freebsdamd64freebsdarmlinux386linuxamd64linuxarmlinuxarm64linuxppc64linuxppc64lelinuxmipslinuxmipslelinuxmips64linuxmips64lenetbsd386netbsdamd64netbsdarmopenbsd386openbsdamd64openbsdarmplan9386plan9amd64solarisamd64windows386windowsamd64$GOHOSTOSand$GOHOSTARCHThenameofthehostoperatingsystemandcompilationarchitecture.Thesedefaulttothelocalsystem's operating system and architecture. Valid choices are the same as for $GOOS and $GOARCH, listed above. The specified values must be compatible with the local system. For example, you should not set $GOHOSTARCH to arm on an x86 system.$GOBIN The location where Go binaries will be installed. The default is $GOROOT/bin. After installing, you will want to arrange to add this directory to your $PATH, so you can use the tools. If $GOBIN is set, the go command installs all commands there.$GO386 (for 386 only, default is auto-detected if built on either 386 or amd64, 387 otherwise) This controls the code generated by gc to use either the 387 floating-point unit (set to 387) or SSE2 instructions (set to sse2) for floating point computations. GO386=387: use x87 for floating point operations; should support all x86 chips (Pentium MMX or later). GO386=sse2: use SSE2 for floating point operations; has better performance than 387, but only available on Pentium 4/Opteron/Athlon 64 or later.$GOARM (for arm only; default is auto-detected if building on the target processor, 6 if not) This sets the ARM floating point co-processor architecture version the run-time should target. If you are compiling on the target system, its value will be auto-detected. GOARM=5: use software floating point; when CPU doesn'thaveVFPco-processorGOARM=6:useVFPv1only;defaultifcrosscompiling;usuallyARM11orbettercores(VFPv2orbetterisalsosupported)GOARM=7:useVFPv3;usuallyCortex-AcoresIfindoubt,leavethisvariableunset,andadjustitifrequiredwhenyoufirstruntheGoexecutable.TheGoARMpageontheGocommunitywikicontainsfurtherdetailsregardingGo'sARMsupport.

環境變數中的$GOOS和$GOARCH是比較實用的兩個變數，可以用在不同平臺的交叉編譯中，只需要在go build之前設定這兩個變數即可，這也是go語言的優勢之一：可以編譯生成跨平臺執行的可執行檔案。感覺比QT更高效更輕量級，雖然生成的可執行檔案是大了一點，不過也在可接受的範圍之內。

例如，在Linux amd64架構下編譯Windows x86的可執行檔案，可以實用如下命令：

CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=windows GOARCH=386 go build hello.go

1	CGO_ENABLED=0GOOS=windowsGOARCH=386gobuildhello.go

遺憾的是交叉編譯暫不支援cgo方式，因此需要將環境變數$CGO_ENABLED設定為0，這樣執行之後會在當前目錄生成一個hello.exe的windows x86架構的可執行檔案：

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