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C++11 併發指南六( 型別詳解二 std::atomic )

C++11 併發指南六(atomic 型別詳解一 atomic_flag 介紹)  一文介紹了 C++11 中最簡單的原子型別 std::atomic_flag,但是 std::atomic_flag 過於簡單,只提供了 test_and_set 和 clear 兩個 API,不能滿足其他需求(如 store, load, exchange, compare_exchange 等),因此本文將介紹功能更加完善的 std::atomic 類。

std::atomic 基本介紹

std::atomic 是模板類,一個模板型別為 T 的原子物件中封裝了一個型別為 T 的值。

template <class
T> struct atomic;

原子型別物件的主要特點就是從不同執行緒訪問不會導致資料競爭(data race)。因此從不同執行緒訪問某個原子物件是良性 (well-defined) 行為,而通常對於非原子型別而言,併發訪問某個物件(如果不做任何同步操作)會導致未定義 (undifined) 行為發生。

C++11 標準中的基本 std::atomic 模板定義如下:

template < class T > struct atomic {
    bool is_lock_free() const volatile;
    bool is_lock_free() const
; void store(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile; void store(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst); T load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile; T load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const; operator T() const volatile; operator T() const
; T exchange(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile; T exchange(T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst); bool compare_exchange_weak(T &, T, memory_order, memory_order) volatile; bool compare_exchange_weak(T &, T, memory_order, memory_order); bool compare_exchange_strong(T &, T, memory_order, memory_order) volatile; bool compare_exchange_strong(T &, T, memory_order, memory_order); bool compare_exchange_weak(T &, T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile; bool compare_exchange_weak(T &, T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst); bool compare_exchange_strong(T &, T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile; bool compare_exchange_strong(T &, T, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst); atomic() = default; constexpr atomic(T); atomic(const atomic &) = delete; atomic & operator=(const atomic &) = delete; atomic & operator=(const atomic &) volatile = delete; T operator=(T) volatile; T operator=(T); };

另外,C++11 標準庫 std::atomic 提供了針對整形(integral)和指標型別的特化實現,分別定義如下:

針對整形(integal)的特化,其中 integal 代表瞭如下型別char, signed char, unsigned char, short, unsigned short, int, unsigned int, long, unsigned long, long long, unsigned long long, char16_t, char32_t, wchar_t:

template <> struct atomic<integral> {
    bool is_lock_free() const volatile;
    bool is_lock_free() const;

    void store(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    void store(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    integral load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile;
    integral load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const;

    operator integral() const volatile;
    operator integral() const;

    integral exchange(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    integral exchange(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    bool compare_exchange_weak(integral&, integral, memory_order, memory_order) volatile;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(integral&, integral, memory_order, memory_order);

    bool compare_exchange_strong(integral&, integral, memory_order, memory_order) volatile;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(integral&, integral, memory_order, memory_order);

    bool compare_exchange_weak(integral&, integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(integral&, integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    bool compare_exchange_strong(integral&, integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(integral&, integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    integral fetch_add(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    integral fetch_add(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    integral fetch_sub(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    integral fetch_sub(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    integral fetch_and(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    integral fetch_and(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    integral fetch_or(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    integral fetch_or(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    integral fetch_xor(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    integral fetch_xor(integral, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);
    
    atomic() = default;
    constexpr atomic(integral);
    atomic(const atomic&) = delete;

    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;
    
    integral operator=(integral) volatile;
    integral operator=(integral);
    
    integral operator++(int) volatile;
    integral operator++(int);
    integral operator--(int) volatile;
    integral operator--(int);
    integral operator++() volatile;
    integral operator++();
    integral operator--() volatile;
    integral operator--();
    integral operator+=(integral) volatile;
    integral operator+=(integral);
    integral operator-=(integral) volatile;
    integral operator-=(integral);
    integral operator&=(integral) volatile;
    integral operator&=(integral);
    integral operator|=(integral) volatile;
    integral operator|=(integral);
    integral operator^=(integral) volatile;
    integral operator^=(integral);
};

針對指標的特化:

template <class T> struct atomic<T*> {
    bool is_lock_free() const volatile;
    bool is_lock_free() const;

    void store(T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    void store(T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    T* load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile;
    T* load(memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) const;

    operator T*() const volatile;
    operator T*() const;

    T* exchange(T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    T* exchange(T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*, memory_order, memory_order) volatile;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*, memory_order, memory_order);

    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*, memory_order, memory_order) volatile;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*, memory_order, memory_order);

    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    bool compare_exchange_weak(T*&, T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    bool compare_exchange_strong(T*&, T*, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    T* fetch_add(ptrdiff_t, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    T* fetch_add(ptrdiff_t, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    T* fetch_sub(ptrdiff_t, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile;
    T* fetch_sub(ptrdiff_t, memory_order = memory_order_seq_cst);

    atomic() = default;
    constexpr atomic(T*);
    atomic(const atomic&) = delete;

    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) = delete;
    atomic& operator=(const atomic&) volatile = delete;

    T* operator=(T*) volatile;
    T* operator=(T*);
    T* operator++(int) volatile;
    T* operator++(int);
    T* operator--(int) volatile;
    T* operator--(int);
    T* operator++() volatile;
    T* operator++();
    T* operator--() volatile;
    T* operator--();
    T* operator+=(ptrdiff_t) volatile;
    T* operator+=(ptrdiff_t);
    T* operator-=(ptrdiff_t) volatile;
    T* operator-=(ptrdiff_t);
};

std::atomic 成員函式

 好了,對 std::atomic 有了一個最基本認識之後我們來看 std::atomic 的成員函式吧。

std::atomic 建構函式

std::atomic 的建構函式如下:

default (1)
          atomic() noexcept = default;
initialization (2)
constexpr atomic (T val) noexcept;
copy [deleted] (3)
          atomic (const atomic&) = delete;
  1. 預設建構函式,由預設建構函式建立的 std::atomic 物件處於未初始化(uninitialized)狀態,對處於未初始化(uninitialized)狀態 std::atomic物件可以由 atomic_init 函式進行初始化。
  2. 初始化建構函式,由型別 T初始化一個 std::atomic物件。
  3. 拷貝建構函式被禁用。

請看下例:

#include <iostream>       // std::cout
#include <atomic>         // std::atomic, std::atomic_flag, ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT
#include <thread>         // std::thread, std::this_thread::yield
#include <vector>         // std::vector

// 由 false 初始化一個 std::atomic<bool> 型別的原子變數
std::atomic<bool> ready(false);
std::atomic_flag winner = ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT;

void do_count1m(int id)
{
    while (!ready) { std::this_thread::yield(); } // 等待 ready 變為 true.

    for (volatile int i=0; i<1000000; ++i) {} // 計數

    if (!winner.test_and_set()) {
      std::cout << "thread #" << id << " won!\n";
    }
}

int main ()
{
    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
    std::cout << "spawning 10 threads that count to 1 million...\n";
    for (int i=1; i<=10; ++i) threads.push_back(std::thread(count1m,i));
    ready = true;

    for (auto& th : threads) th.join();
    return 0;
}

std::atomic::operator=() 函式

std::atomic 的賦值操作函式定義如下:

set value (1)
T operator= (T val) noexcept;
T operator= (T val) volatile noexcept;
copy [deleted] (2)
atomic& operator= (const atomic&) = delete;
atomic& operator= (const atomic&) volatile = delete;

可以看出,普通的賦值拷貝操作已經被禁用。但是一個型別為 T 的變數可以賦值給相應的原子型別變數(相當與隱式轉換),該操作是原子的,記憶體序(Memory Order) 預設為順序一致性(std::memory_order_seq_cst),如果需要指定其他的記憶體序,需使用 std::atomic::store()。

#include <iostream>             // std::cout
#include <atomic>               // std::atomic
#include <thread>               // std::thread, std::this_thread::yield

std::atomic <int> foo = 0;

void set_foo(int x)
{
    foo = x; // 呼叫 std::atomic::operator=().
}

void print_foo()
{
    while (foo == 0) { // wait while foo == 0
        std::this_thread::yield();
    }
    std::cout << "foo: " << foo << '\n';
}

int main()
{
    std::thread first(print_foo);
    std::thread second(set_foo, 10);
    first.join();
    second.join();
    return 0;
}

基本 std::atomic 型別操作

本節主要介紹基本 std::atomic 型別所具備的操作(即成員函式)。我們知道 std::atomic 是模板類,一個模板型別為 T 的原子物件中封裝了一個型別為 T 的值。本文<std::atomic 基本介紹>一節中也提到了 std::atomic 類模板除了基本型別以外,還針對整形和指標型別做了特化。 特化的 std::atomic 型別支援更多的操作,如 fetch_add, fetch_sub, fetch_and 等。本小節介紹基本 std::atomic 型別所具備的操作:

bool is_lock_free() const volatile noexcept;
bool is_lock_free() const noexcept;
void store (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
void store (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
Memory Order 值Memory Order 型別
memory_order_relaxed Relaxed
memory_order_release Release
memory_order_seq_cst Sequentially consistent
#include <iostream>       // std::cout
#include <atomic>         // std::atomic, std::memory_order_relaxed
#include <thread>         // std::thread

std::atomic<int> foo(0); // 全域性的原子物件 foo

void set_foo(int x)
{
    foo.store(x, std::memory_order_relaxed); // 設定(store) 原子物件 foo 的值
}

void print_foo()
{
    int x;
    do {
        x = foo.load(std::memory_order_relaxed); // 讀取(load) 原子物件 foo 的值
    } while (x == 0);
    std::cout << "foo: " << x << '\n';
}

int main ()
{
    std::thread first(print_foo); // 執行緒 first 列印 foo 的值
    std::thread second(set_foo, 10); // 執行緒 second 設定 foo 的值
    first.join();
    second.join();
    return 0;
}
T load (memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) const volatile noexcept;
T load (memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) const noexcept;
Memory Order 值Memory Order 型別
memory_order_relaxed Relaxed
memory_order_consume Consume
memory_order_acquire Acquire
memory_order_seq_cst Sequentially consistent
#include <iostream>       // std::cout
#include <atomic>         // std::atomic, std::memory_order_relaxed
#include <thread>         // std::thread

std::atomic<int> foo(0); // 全域性的原子物件 foo

void set_foo(int x)
{
    foo.store(x, std::memory_order_relaxed); // 設定(store) 原子物件 foo 的值
}

void print_foo()
{
    int x;
    do {
        x = foo.load(std::memory_order_relaxed); // 讀取(load) 原子物件 foo 的值
    } while (x == 0);
    std::cout << "foo: " << x << '\n';
}

int main ()
{
    std::thread first(print_foo); // 執行緒 first 列印 foo 的值
    std::thread second(set_foo, 10); // 執行緒 second 設定 foo 的值
    first.join();
    second.join();
    return 0;
}
operator T() const volatile noexcept;
operator T() const noexcept;
#include <iostream>       // std::cout
#include <atomic>         // std::atomic
#include <thread>         // std::thread, std::this_thread::yield

std::atomic<int> foo = 0;
std::atomic<int> bar = 0;

void set_foo(int x)
{
    foo = x;
}

void copy_foo_to_bar()
{

    // 如果 foo == 0,則該執行緒 yield,
    // 在 foo == 0 時, 實際也是隱含了型別轉換操作,
    // 因此也包含了 operator T() const 的呼叫.
    while (foo == 0) std::this_thread::yield();

    // 實際呼叫了 operator T() const, 將foo 強制轉換成 int 型別,
    // 然後呼叫 operator=().
    bar = static_cast<int>(foo);
}

void print_bar()
{
    // 如果 bar == 0,則該執行緒 yield,
    // 在 bar == 0 時, 實際也是隱含了型別轉換操作,
    // 因此也包含了 operator T() const 的呼叫.
    while (bar == 0) std::this_thread::yield();
    std::cout << "bar: " << bar << '\n';
}

int main ()
{
    std::thread first(print_bar);
    std::thread second(set_foo, 10);
    std::thread third(copy_foo_to_bar);

    first.join();
    second.join();
    third.join();
    return 0;
}
T exchange (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
T exchange (T val, memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
Memory Order 值Memory Order 型別
memory_order_relaxed Relaxed
memory_order_consume Consume
memory_order_acquire Acquire
memory_order_release Release
memory_order_acq_rel Acquire/Release
memory_order_seq_cst Sequentially consistent

請看下面例子,各個執行緒計數至 1M,首先完成計數任務的執行緒列印自己的 ID,

#include <iostream>       // std::cout
#include <atomic>         // std::atomic
#include <thread>         // std::thread
#include <vector>         // std::vector

std::atomic<bool> ready(false);
std::atomic<bool> winner(false);

void count1m (int id)
{
    while (!ready) {}                  // wait for the ready signal
    for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; ++i) {}   // go!, count to 1 million
    if (!winner.exchange(true)) { std::cout << "thread #" << id << " won!\n"; }
};

int main ()
{
    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
    std::cout << "spawning 10 threads that count to 1 million...\n";
    for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) threads.push_back(std::thread(count1m,i));
    ready = true;
    for (auto& th : threads) th.join();

    return 0;
}
(1)
bool compare_exchange_weak (T& expected, T val,
           memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
bool compare_exchange_weak (T& expected, T val,
           memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
(2)
bool compare_exchange_weak (T& expected, T val,
           memory_order success, memory_order failure) volatile noexcept;
bool compare_exchange_weak (T& expected, T val,
           memory_order success, memory_order failure) noexcept;
  • 相等,則用 val 替換原子物件的舊值。
  • 不相等,則用原子物件的舊值替換 expected ,因此呼叫該函式之後,如果被該原子物件封裝的值與引數 expected 所指定的值不相等,expected 中的內容就是原子物件的舊值。
Memory Order 值Memory Order 型別
memory_order_relaxed Relaxed
memory_order_consume Consume
memory_order_acquire Acquire
memory_order_release Release
memory_order_acq_rel Acquire/Release
memory_order_seq_cst Sequentially consistent
#include <iostream>       // std::cout
#include <atomic>         // std::atomic
#include <thread>         // std::thread
#include <vector>         // std::vector

// a simple global linked list:
struct Node { int value; Node* next; };
std::atomic<Node*> list_head(nullptr);

void append(int val)
{
    // append an element to the list
    Node* newNode = new Node{val, list_head};

    // next is the same as: list_head = newNode, but in a thread-safe way:
    while (!list_head.compare_exchange_weak(newNode->next,newNode)) {}
    // (with newNode->next updated accordingly if some other thread just appended another node)
}

int main ()
{
    // spawn 10 threads to fill the linked list:
    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) threads.push_back(std::thread(append, i));
    for (auto& th : threads) th.join();

    // print contents:
    for (Node* it = list_head; it!=nullptr; it=it->next)
        std::cout << ' ' << it->value;

    std::cout << '\n';

    // cleanup:
    Node* it; while (it=list_head) {list_head=it->next; delete it;}

    return 0;
}
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
(1)
bool compare_exchange_strong (T& expected, T val,
           memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) volatile noexcept;
bool compare_exchange_strong (T& expected, T val,
           memory_order sync = memory_order_seq_cst) noexcept;
(2)
bool compare_exchange_strong (T& expected, T val,
           memory_order success, memory_order failure) volatile noexcept;
bool compare_exchange_strong (T& expected, T val,
           memory_order success, memory_order failure) noexcept;
  • 相等,則用 val 替換原子物件的舊值。
  • 不相等,則用原子物件的舊值替換 expected ,因此呼叫該函式之後,如果被該原子物件封裝的值與引數 expected 所指定的值不相等,expected 中的內容就是原子物件的舊值。
Memory Order 值Memory Order 型別
memory_order_relaxed Relaxed
memory_order_consume Consume
memory_order_acquire Acquire
memory_order_release Release
memory_order_acq_rel Acquire/Release
memory_order_seq_cst Sequentially consistent
#include <iostream>       // std::cout
#include <atomic>         // std::atomic
#include <thread>         // std::thread
#include <vector>         // std::vector

// a simple global linked list:
struct Node { int value; Node* next; };
std::atomic<Node*> list_head(nullptr);

void append(int val)
{
    // append an element to the list
    Node* newNode = new Node{val, list_head};

    // next is the same as: list_head = newNode, but in a thread-safe way:

    while (!(list_head.compare_exchange_strong(newNode->next, newNode)));
    // (with newNode->next updated accordingly if some other thread just appended another node)
}

int main ()
{
    // spawn 10 threads to fill the linked list:
    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) threads.push_back(std::thread(append, i));
    for (auto& th : threads) th.join();

    // print contents:
    for (Node* it = list_head; it!=nullptr; it=it->next)
        std::cout << ' ' << it->value;

    std::cout << '\n';

    // cleanup:
    Node* it; while (it=list_head) {list_head=it->next; delete it;}

    return 0;
}


好了,本文花了大量的篇幅介紹 std::atomic 基本型別,下一篇部落格我會給大家介紹 C++11 的標準庫中std::atomic 針對整形(integral)和指標型別的特化版本做了哪些改進。