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Hyperledger fabric 鏈碼篇GO(四)

# Hyperledger fabric 鏈碼篇GO(四) fabric中的鏈碼也就是我們區塊鏈所認知的智慧合約,fabric中可由nodejs,java,go編寫,本篇只針對GO語言編寫鏈碼。將詳細介紹鏈碼編寫所必須的函式以及相關功能函式。 ## 1、常識 - 鏈碼的包名指定 ```go // xxx.go package main ``` - 必須要引入的包 ```go import( "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/core/chaincode/shim" pb "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/protos/peer" //pb為別名的意思 ) ``` - 鏈碼的書寫要求 ```go //自定義結構體,類,基於這個類實現介面函式 type Test struct{ //空著即可 } ``` - 鏈碼API查詢 ```html //go語言的鏈碼包shim https://godoc.org/github.com/hyperledger/fabric-chaincode-go/shim ``` **注意事項** > 要注意put寫入的資料狀態不會立刻得到獲取,因為put只是執行鏈碼的模擬交易,並不會真正將狀態儲存在賬本中,必須經過orderer達成共識之後,將資料狀態儲存在區塊中,然後儲存在各peer節點的賬本中 ## 2、函式及鏈碼基本結構 - success ```go // Success ... status:200 //鏈碼執行後返回成功資訊 func Success(payload []byte) pb.Response { return pb.Response{ Status: OK, Payload: payload, } } ``` - error ```go // Error ...status:500 //鏈碼執行後返回錯誤資訊 func Error(msg string) pb.Response { return pb.Response{ Status: ERROR, Message: msg, } } ``` ### 2.1、基本結構 下面是編寫一個鏈碼的基本框架,由空結構體,Init函式和Invoke函式,主函式組成 ```go package main //引入必要的包 import ( "fmt" "strconv" "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/core/chaincode/shim" //別名pb pb "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/protos/peer" ) // 宣告一個結構體,必備,為空 type SimpleChaincode struct { } //新增Init函式 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Init(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { //實現鏈碼初始化或升級時的處理邏輯 //編寫時可靈活使用stub中的API } //新增Invoke函式 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { //實現鏈碼執行中被呼叫或查詢時的處理邏輯 //編寫時可靈活使用stub中的API } //主函式,需要呼叫shim.Start()方法啟動鏈碼 func main() { err := shim.Start(new(SimpleChaincode)) if err != nil { fmt.Printf("Error starting Simple chaincode: %s", err) } } ``` ### 2.2、Init函式 > Init方法是系統初始化方法,當執行命令`peer chaincode instantiate`例項化chaincode時會呼叫該方法,同時命令中`-c`選項後面內容為會作為引數傳入`Init`方法中。 ```shell #shell 命令 $ peer chaincode instantiate -o orderer.example.com:7050 -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n mycc -v 1.0 -c '{"Args":["init","a","100", "b", "100"]}' ``` Args中共有5個引數,第一個為固定值,後面4個為引數,如果傳入資料太多,可以採用json等資料格式 ```go func (t *SimpleChaincode) Init(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { _ ,args := stub.GetFunctionAndParameters() return shim.Success ([]byte("success init!!!")) } ``` ### 2.3、Invoke函式 > Invoke方法的主要作用為寫入資料,比如發起交易等,在執行命令 `peer chaincode invoke` 時系統會呼叫該方法,並把`-c`後的引數傳入invoke方法中。 引數原理和init類似 ## 3、賬本操作API ## [ChaincodeStubInterface](https://godoc.org/github.com/hyperledger/fabric-chaincode-go/shim#ChaincodeStubInterface) ### 3.1、引數解析API > 含義:呼叫鏈碼時需要給被呼叫的目標函式/方法傳遞引數,與引數解析相關的API 提供了獲取這些引數(包括被呼叫的目標函式/方法名稱)的方法 #### GetFunctionAndParameters - 獲取客戶端傳入的引數`GetFunctionAndParameters()` ```go //原始碼 func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetFunctionAndParameters() (function string, params []string) { allargs := s.GetStringArgs() function = "" params = []string{} if len(allargs) >= 1 { //返回時第一個為函式名,後面為其他引數 function = allargs[0] params = allargs[1:] } return } //執行命令 peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050 -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n mycc -v 1.0 -c '{"Args":["invoke","a", "b", "10"]}' //示例程式碼 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { _ ,args := stub.GetFunctionAndParameters() //獲取執行命令中的引數a,b,10 var a_parm = args[0] var b_parm = args[1] var c_parm = args[2] return shim.Success ([]byte("success invoke!!!")) } ``` ### 3.2、賬本資料狀態操作API > 含義:該型別API提供了對賬本資料狀態進行操作的方法,包括對狀態資料的查詢以及事務處理 #### GetState - GetState(key string) ([]byte, error) :根據指定的key查詢相應的資料狀態 ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetState(key string) ([]byte, error) { // Access public data by setting the collection to empty string collection := "" return s.handler.handleGetState(collection, key, s.ChannelID, s.TxID) } //示例程式碼 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { keyvalue, err := stub.GetState("user1") return shim.Success(keyvalue) } ``` #### PutState - PutState(key string, value []byte) error:根據指定的key,將相應的value儲存在分類賬本中 ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) PutState(key string, value []byte) error { if key == "" { return errors.New("key must not be an empty string") } // Access public data by setting the collection to empty string collection := "" return s.handler.handlePutState(collection, key, value, s.ChannelID, s.TxID) } //示例程式碼 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { stub.PutState("user1",[]byte("putvalue")) return shim.Success([]byte("sucess invoke putstate")) } ``` #### DelState - DelState(key string) error:根據指定的key將對應的資料狀態刪除 ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) DelState(key string) error { // Access public data by setting the collection to empty string collection := "" return s.handler.handleDelState(collection, key, s.ChannelID, s.TxID) } func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { err :=stub.DelState("user1") return shim.Success("delete success") } ``` #### GetStateByRange - GetStateByRange(startKey, endKey string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error):根據指定的開始key和結束key,查詢範圍內的所有資料狀態,**注意,結束key對應的資料狀態不包含在返回的結果集中** ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetStateByRange(startKey, endKey string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error) { if startKey == "" { startKey = emptyKeySubstitute } if err := validateSimpleKeys(startKey, endKey); err != nil { return nil, err } collection := "" // ignore QueryResponseMetadata as it is not applicable for a range query without pagination iterator, _, err := s.handleGetStateByRange(collection, startKey, endKey, nil) return iterator, err } //示例程式碼 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { startKey = "startKey" endKey = "endKey" //根據範圍查詢,得到StateQueryIteratorInterface迭代器介面 keyIter , err := stub.getStateByRange(startKey,endKey) //關閉迭代器介面 defer keyIter.close() var keys []string for keyIter.HasNext(){ //如果有下一個節點 //得到下一個鍵值對 response, iterErr := keysIter.Next() if iterErr != nil{ return shim.Error(fmt.Sprintf("find an error %s",iterErr)) } keys = append(keys,response.Key) //儲存鍵值到陣列中 } //遍歷key陣列 for key, value := range keys{ fmt.Printf("key %d contains %s",key ,value) } //編碼keys陣列為json格式 jsonKeys ,err = json.Marshal(keys) if err != nil{ return shim.Error(fmt.Sprintf("data marshal json error: %s",err)) } //將編碼之後的json字串傳遞給客戶端 return shim.Success(jsonKeys) } ``` #### GetHistoryForKey - GetHistoryForKey(key string) (HistoryQueryIteratorInterface, error):根據指定的key查詢所有的歷史記錄資訊 ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetHistoryForKey(key string) (HistoryQueryIteratorInterface, error) { response, err := s.handler.handleGetHistoryForKey(key, s.ChannelID, s.TxID) if err != nil { return nil, err } return &HistoryQueryIterator{CommonIterator: &CommonIterator{s.handler, s.ChannelID, s.TxID, response, 0}}, nil } //示例程式碼 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { keyIter , err := stub.GetHistoryForKey("user1") if err != nil{ return shim.Error(fmt.Sprintf("GetHistoryForKey error: %s",err)) } //關閉迭代器介面 defer keyIter.close() var keys []string for keyIter.HasNext(){ //如果有下一個節點 //得到下一個鍵值對 response, iterErr := keysIter.Next() if iterErr != nil{ return shim.Error(fmt.Sprintf("find an error %s",iterErr)) } //交易編號 txid := response.TxId //交易的值 txvalue = response.Value //當前交易的狀態 txstatus = response.IsDelete //交易發生的時間戳 txtimestamp = response.Timestamp keys = append(keys,txid) //儲存鍵值到陣列中 } //編碼keys陣列為json格式 jsonKeys ,err = json.Marshal(keys) if err != nil{ return shim.Error(fmt.Sprintf("data marshal json error: %s",err)) } //將編碼之後的json字串傳遞給客戶端 return shim.Success(jsonKeys) } ``` #### CreateCompositeKey - CreateCompositeKey(objectType string, attributes []string) (string, error):建立一個複合鍵 ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) CreateCompositeKey(objectType string, attributes []string) (string, error) { return CreateCompositeKey(objectType, attributes) } func CreateCompositeKey(objectType string, attributes []string) (string, error) { if err := validateCompositeKeyAttribute(objectType); err != nil { return "", err } ck := compositeKeyNamespace + objectType + string(minUnicodeRuneValue) for _, att := range attributes { if err := validateCompositeKeyAttribute(att); err != nil { return "", err } ck += att + string(minUnicodeRuneValue) } return ck, nil } ``` #### SplitCompositeKey - SplitCompositeKey(compositeKey string) (string, []string, error):對指定的複合鍵進行分割 ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) SplitCompositeKey(compositeKey string) (string, []string, error) { return splitCompositeKey(compositeKey) } func splitCompositeKey(compositeKey string) (string, []string, error) { componentIndex := 1 components := []string{} for i := 1; i < len(compositeKey); i++ { if compositeKey[i] == minUnicodeRuneValue { components = append(components, compositeKey[componentIndex:i]) componentIndex = i + 1 } } return components[0], components[1:], nil } ``` #### GetQueryResult - GetQueryResult(query string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error) :對狀態資料庫進行富查詢,目前支援富查詢的只有CouchDB ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetQueryResult(query string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error) { // Access public data by setting the collection to empty string collection := "" // ignore QueryResponseMetadata as it is not applicable for a rich query without pagination iterator, _, err := s.handleGetQueryResult(collection, query, nil) return iterator, err } ``` #### InvokeChaincode - InvokeChaincode(chaincodeName string, args [][]byte, channel string):呼叫其他鏈碼 ```go //鏈碼名,傳遞引數,通道名 func (s *ChaincodeStub) InvokeChaincode(chaincodeName string, args [][]byte, channel string) pb.Response { // Internally we handle chaincode name as a composite name if channel != "" { chaincodeName = chaincodeName + "/" + channel } return s.handler.handleInvokeChaincode(chaincodeName, args, s.ChannelID, s.TxID) } //示例程式碼 func (t *SimpleChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) pb.Response { //設定引數,a向b轉賬11 trans := [][]byte{[]byte("invoke"),[]byte("a"),[]byte("b"),[]byte("11")} //呼叫chaincode response := stub.InvokeChaincode("mycc",trans,"mychannel") //判斷是否操作成功 if response.Status != shim.OK { errStr := fmt.Sprintf("Invoke failed ,error : %s ", response.Payload) return shim.Error(errStr) } return shim.Success([]byte"轉賬成功") } ``` ### 3.3、交易資訊API > 含義:獲取提交的交易資訊的相關API #### GetTxID - GetTxID() string :返回交易提案中指定的交易ID ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetTxID() string { return s.TxID } ``` #### GetChannelID - GetChannelID() string:返回交易提案中指定通道的ID ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetChannelID() string { return s.ChannelID } ``` #### GetTxTimestamp - GetTxTimestamp() (*timestamp.Timestamp, error):返回交易建立的時間戳,這個時間戳時peer接收到交易的具體時間 ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetTxTimestamp() (*timestamp.Timestamp, error) { hdr := &common.Header{} if err := proto.Unmarshal(s.proposal.Header, hdr); err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("error unmarshaling Header: %s", err) } chdr := &common.ChannelHeader{} if err := proto.Unmarshal(hdr.ChannelHeader, chdr); err != nil { return nil, fmt.Errorf("error unmarshaling ChannelHeader: %s", err) } return chdr.GetTimestamp(), nil } ``` #### GetBinding - GetBinding() ([]byte, error):返回交易的繫結資訊,如一些臨時性資訊,以避免重複性攻擊 ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetBinding() ([]byte, error) { return s.binding, nil } ``` #### GetSignedProposal - GetSignedProposal() (*pb.SignedProposal, error):返回與交易提案相關的簽名身份資訊 ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetSignedProposal() (*pb.SignedProposal, error) { return s.signedProposal, nil } ``` GetCreator - GetCreator() ([]byte, error) :返回該交易提交者的身份資訊 ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetCreator() ([]byte, error) { return s.creator, nil } ``` #### GetTransient - GetTransient() (map[string][]byte, error):返回交易中不會被寫至賬本中的一些臨時性資訊 ```go func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetTransient() (map[string][]byte, error) { return s.transient, nil } ``` ### 3.4、事件處理API > 含義:與事件處理相關的API #### SetEvent - SetEvent(name string, payload []byte) error:設定事件,包括事件名稱和內容 ```go // SetEvent documentation can be found in interfaces.go func (s *ChaincodeStub) SetEvent(name string, payload []byte) error { if name == "" { return errors.New("event name can not be empty string") } s.chaincodeEvent = &pb.ChaincodeEvent{EventName: name, Payload: payload} return nil } ``` ### 3.5、對PrivateData操作的API > 含義:hyperledger fabric在1.2.0版本中新增的對私有資料操作的相關API ```go //根據指定key,從指定的私有資料集中查詢對應的私有資料 func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetPrivateData(collection string, key string) ([]byte, error) //根據給定的部分組合鍵的集合,查詢給定的私有狀態 func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetPrivateDataByPartialCompositeKey(collection, objectType string, attributes []string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error) //根據指定的開始key和結束key查詢範圍內的私有資料(不包括結束key) func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetPrivateDataByRange(collection, startKey, endKey string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error) //根據指定的查詢字串執行富查詢 func (s *ChaincodeStub) GetPrivateDataQueryResult(collection, query string) (StateQueryIteratorInterface, error) //將指定的key與value儲存到私有資料集中 func (s *ChaincodeStub) PutPrivateData(collection string, key string, value []byte) error //根據key刪除相應資料 func (s *ChaincodeStub) DelPrivateData(collection string, key string) error ``` ## 4、背書策略 > 背書的過程就是一筆交易被確認的過程,而背書策略就是用來指示相關的參與方如何對交易進行確認。背書策略的設定是通過部署鏈碼例項化時`instantiate`命令中的`-P`引數來設定的 ```shell peer chaincode instantiate -o orderer.example.com:7050 --tls --cafile /opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/ordererOrganizations/example.com/orderers/orderer.example.com/msp/tlscacerts/tlsca.example.com-cert.pem -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n mycc -v 1.0 -c '{"Args":["init","a", "100", "b","200"]}' -P "AND ('Org1MSP.member','Org2MSP.member')" ``` > 此命令表示需要組織1和組織2中任意一個使用者共同來參與交易的確認並且同意,這樣的交易才能生效並被記錄到去區塊鏈中 ```shell #也可以指定背書節點,使用peerAddresses來指定背書節點 peer chaincode invoke -o orderer.example.com:7050 --tls true --cafile /opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/ordererOrganizations/example.com/orderers/orderer.example.com/msp/tlscacerts/tlsca.example.com-cert.pem -C $CHANNEL_NAME -n mycc --peerAddresses peer0.org1.example.com:7051 --tlsRootCertFiles /opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/peerOrganizations/org1.example.com/peers/peer0.org1.example.com/tls/ca.crt --peerAddresses peer0.org2.example.com:9051 --tlsRootCertFiles /opt/gopath/src/github.com/hyperledger/fabric/peer/crypto/peerOrganizations/org2.example.com/peers/peer0.org2.example.com/tls/ca.crt -c '{"Args":["invoke","a","b","10"]}' ``` - **背書規則示例1** ```shell #需要組織中任意使用者共同參與背書 "AND ('Org1MSP.member', 'Org2MSP.member')" ``` - **背書規則示例2** ```shell #只要組織中任意一個使用者驗證即可 "OR ('Org1MSP.member', 'Org2MSP.member')" ``` - **背書規則示例3** ```shell #兩種方法讓交易生效 # 1、組織1中有成員驗證成功 # 2、組織2和組織3中有成員共同參與驗證成功 "OR ('Org1MSP.member', AND ('Org2MSP.member', 'Org3MSP.member'))" ``` **注意:背書規則只針對寫入資料的操作進行校驗,對於查詢類的背書不操作** ## 5、應用示例 設計了一個鏈碼,實現了資產管理,轉賬交易的功能,主要實現了以下幾個函式 > - init函式 > > 初始化鏈碼,設定賬戶名稱及資產額度 > > - invoke函式 > > 實現函式的識別,並轉到不同的函式功能 > > - del函式 > > 刪除賬戶 > > - find函式 > > 檢視賬戶額度 > > - set函式 > > 根據賬戶名稱設定要存入的金額 > > - get函式 > > 根據賬戶名稱設定要取出的金額 ```go package main import ( "fmt" "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/core/chaincode/shim" "github.com/hyperledger/fabric/protos/peer" "strconv" ) type AssetChaincode struct { //empty } //Init function func (t *AssetChaincode) Init(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) peer.Response { _, args := stub.GetFunctionAndParameters() if len(args) != 4 { return shim.Error("Must four initialization parameters, representing name and money ,respectively") } var a = args[0] var acount = args[1] var b = args[2] var bcount = args[3] if len(a) < 2 { return shim.Error("the length of name must not less than 2") } if len(b) < 2 { return shim.Error("the length of name must not less than 2") } _, err := strconv.Atoi(acount) if err != nil { return shim.Error(a + " account is false") } _, err = strconv.Atoi(bcount) if err != nil { return shim.Error(b + " account is false") } err = stub.PutState(a, []byte(acount)) if err != nil { return shim.Error(a + " Occuring error when saving the data") } err = stub.PutState(b, []byte(bcount)) if err != nil { return shim.Error(b + " Occuring error when saving the data") } return shim.Success([]byte("Init success")) } //Invoke function func (t *AssetChaincode) Invoke(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface) peer.Response { fun, args := stub.GetFunctionAndParameters() if fun == "set" { return set(stub, args) } else if fun == "get" { return get(stub, args) } else if fun == "payment" { return payment(stub, args) } else if fun == "del" { return del(stub, args) } else if fun == "find" { return find(stub, args) } return shim.Error("not have this ability") } //find function func find(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) peer.Response { if len(args) != 1 { return shim.Error("the number of parameters must one") } result, err := stub.GetState(args[0]) if err != nil { return shim.Error("occor error when reading the data") } if result == nil { return shim.Error("no data by the key") } return shim.Success(result) } //payment function func payment(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) peer.Response { if len(args) != 3 { return shim.Error("payment format error") } var source, target string source = args[0] target = args[1] asset, err := strconv.Atoi(args[2]) if err != nil { return shim.Error("transfer amount atoi failed") } sourceS, err := stub.GetState(source) if err != nil { return shim.Error("query source asset failed") } targetS, err := stub.GetState(target) if err != nil { return shim.Error("query target asset failed") } sourceasset, err := strconv.Atoi(string(sourceS)) if err != nil { return shim.Error("source asset transform int failed") } targetasset, err := strconv.Atoi(string(targetS)) if err != nil { return shim.Error("target asset transform int failed") } if sourceasset < asset { return shim.Error("source asset don't have enough balance") } sourceasset -= asset targetasset += asset err = stub.PutState(source, []byte(strconv.Itoa(sourceasset))) if err != nil { return shim.Error("after save payment soure asset failed") } err = stub.PutState(target, []byte(strconv.Itoa(targetasset))) if err != nil { return shim.Error("after save payment target asset failed") } return shim.Success([]byte("payment success")) } //delete function func del(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) peer.Response { if len(args)!=1{ return shim.Error("elete account format error") } err := stub.DelState(args[0]) if err!= nil{ return shim.Error("delete account error") } return shim.Success([]byte("delete account success"+args[0])) } //set function func set(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) peer.Response { if len(args) != 2 { return shim.Error("set account asset format error") } result, err := stub.GetState(args[0]) if err != nil { return shim.Error("occor error when reading the data") } if result == nil { return shim.Error("no data by the key") } asset,err := strconv.Atoi(string(result)) if err!= nil{ return shim.Error("transfrom account balance error") } val,err := strconv.Atoi(string(args[1])) if err!= nil{ return shim.Error("transfrom set balance error") } val += asset err = stub.PutState(args[0],[]byte(strconv.Itoa(val))) if err != nil { return shim.Error("save balance error") } return shim.Success([]byte("set asset success!")) } //get function func get(stub shim.ChaincodeStubInterface, args []string) peer.Response { if len(args) != 2 { return shim.Error("t account asset format error") } result, err := stub.GetState(args[0]) if err != nil { return shim.Error("occor error when reading the data") } if result == nil { return shim.Error("no data by the key") } asset,err := strconv.Atoi(string(result)) if err!= nil{ return shim.Error("transfrom account balance error") } val,err := strconv.Atoi(string(args[1])) if err!= nil{ return shim.Error("transfrom set balance error") }