併發程式設計之Wait和Notify
我們把組成程式(Program)各個部分稱為執行緒(Thread)。也可以說,執行緒就是程式中輕量級的程序(Process)。
多執行緒(Multithreading)是Java的一個特性,它可以允許一個程式的多個部分(也就是執行緒)併發地執行,以達到最大程度利用CPU的目的。
Multithreading is a Java feature that allows concurrent execution of two or more parts of a program for maximum utilization of CPU. Each part of such program is called a thread. So, threads are light-weight processes within a process.
-- www.geeksforgeeks.org/multithread…
執行緒的狀態

輪詢
Samples
我們把迴圈執行某個邏輯判斷,直到判斷條件為true才執行判斷體中的邏輯,叫做輪詢(Polling)。輪詢是會浪費一定的CPU資源的。
The process of testing a condition repeatedly till it becomes true is known as polling.Polling is usually implemented with the help of loops to check whether a particular condition is true or not. If it is true, certain action is taken. This waste many CPU cycles and makes the implementation inefficient.
-- www.geeksforgeeks.org/inter-threa…
下面提供一個輪詢的實現示例。
Message:
isAvailable
初始值是false,設定為true以後執行輪詢體。
注意要使用執行緒安全的 AtomicBoolean
,如果使用boolean,在多執行緒情況下會有意想不到的結果。
import lombok.Getter; import lombok.Setter; import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean; @Setter @Getter public class Message { private AtomicBoolean isAvailable = new AtomicBoolean(false); private String msg; public Message(String str) { this.msg = str; } } 複製程式碼
PollingWaiter:
import java.time.LocalDateTime; import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter; public class PollingWaiter implements Runnable { private Message msg; public PollingWaiter(Message m) { this.msg = m; } @Override public void run() { String name = Thread.currentThread().getName(); synchronized (msg) { int count = 0; System.out.println(name + " : waiter starting at time: " + LocalDateTime.now().format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_TIME)); while (!msg.getIsAvailable().get()) { count++; } System.out.println(name + " : msg is available at time: " + LocalDateTime.now().format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_TIME)); System.out.println(name + " : msg is available after count: " + count); System.out.println(name + " : processed: " + msg.getMsg()); } } } 複製程式碼
執行測試:
休眠3秒以後,再執行輪詢體內的程式碼。
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean; public class WaitNotifyTest { public static void main(String[] args) { testPolling(); } public static void testPolling() { Message msg = new Message("process it"); PollingWaiter waiter = new PollingWaiter(msg); new Thread(waiter, "PollingWaiter").start(); try { Thread.sleep(3000); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } msg.setIsAvailable(new AtomicBoolean(true)); System.out.println("over"); } } 複製程式碼
輸出結果:
PollingWaiter : waiter starting at time: 14:26:08.482 over PollingWaiter : msg is available at time: 14:26:11.402 PollingWaiter : msg is available after count: -69547606 PollingWaiter : processed: process it 複製程式碼
wait 和 notify
除了輪詢,Java通過wait 和 notify機制實現了執行緒間的通訊。wait就是讓執有某個物件的執行緒處於等待阻塞狀態,而notify就是讓等待阻塞中的執行緒重新獲得CPU資源,再次進入執行狀態。
由於wait 和 notify相關的方法實現在了 java.lang.Object
類中,因此所有的子類都可以使用這些方法。
wait 和 notify相關的方法需要在 synchronized
程式碼塊中執行。

方法介紹
下面簡要介紹一下這些方法:
- wait()
wait()
方法會導致當前執行緒從執行狀態改為待執行狀態,一直到另外一個執行緒為當前物件執行 notify()
或者 notifyAll()
方法。
- wait(long timeout)
與 wait()
方法的不同點是,如果 timeout
時間到了以後,還沒有前物件執行 notify()
或者 notifyAll()
,則執行緒自動開始執行。
值得注意的是執行 wait(0)
和 wait()
的效果是一樣的。
- wait(long timeout, int nanos)
與 wait(long timeout)
相比,此方法提供了等待超時設定的更高的精度,精確到了納秒。
1毫秒 = 1,000,000 納秒。
- notify()
對於等待此物件的監視器的所有執行緒,執行 notify()
會隨機喚醒一個執行緒。
- notifyAll()
相比與 notify()
,此方法會喚醒所有等待該物件的監視器的執行緒。
示例
在上面示例程式碼的基礎上,增加如下程式碼實現。
Waiter:
import java.time.LocalDateTime; import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter; public class Waiter implements Runnable{ private Message msg; public Waiter(Message m){ this.msg=m; } @Override public void run() { String name = Thread.currentThread().getName(); synchronized (msg) { try{ System.out.println(name+" : waiting to get notified at time:"+ LocalDateTime.now().format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_TIME)); msg.wait(); }catch(InterruptedException e){ e.printStackTrace(); } System.out.println(name+" : waiter thread got notified at time:"+LocalDateTime.now().format(DateTimeFormatter.ISO_TIME)); //process the message now System.out.println(name+" : processed: "+msg.getMsg()); } } } 複製程式碼
Notifier:
public class Notifier implements Runnable { private boolean isAll = true; private Message msg; public Notifier(Message msg, boolean isAll) { this.msg = msg; this.isAll = isAll; } @Override public void run() { String name = Thread.currentThread().getName(); System.out.println(name + " started"); try { Thread.sleep(3000); synchronized (msg) { System.out.println(name + " : got the msg : "+msg.getMsg()); msg.setMsg(name + " : Notifier work done"); if (isAll) { msg.notifyAll(); } else { msg.notify(); } } } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } 複製程式碼
WaitNotifyTest:
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean; public class WaitNotifyTest { public static void main(String[] args) { //testPolling(); testNotify(); //testNotifyAll(); } public static void testPolling() { Message msg = new Message("process it"); PollingWaiter waiter = new PollingWaiter(msg); new Thread(waiter, "PollingWaiter").start(); try { Thread.sleep(3000); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } msg.setIsAvailable(new AtomicBoolean(true)); System.out.println("over"); } public static void testNotify() { Message msg = new Message("process it"); Waiter waiter1 = new Waiter(msg); new Thread(waiter1, "waiter1").start(); Waiter waiter2 = new Waiter(msg); new Thread(waiter2, "waiter2").start(); Notifier notifier = new Notifier(msg, false); new Thread(notifier, "notifier").start(); System.out.println("All the threads are started"); } public static void testNotifyAll() { Message msg = new Message("process it"); Waiter waiter1 = new Waiter(msg); new Thread(waiter1, "waiter1").start(); Waiter waiter2 = new Waiter(msg); new Thread(waiter2, "waiter2").start(); Notifier notifier = new Notifier(msg, false); new Thread(notifier, "notifier").start(); System.out.println("All the threads are started"); } } 複製程式碼
在啟動兩個執行緒同時執行wait方法的時候,會發現notify以後只有一個執行緒被喚醒了,而另一個執行緒則陷入了無盡地等待之中。