多執行緒通訊(wait、notify、Lock、ThreadLocal)
多執行緒之間通訊
什麼是多執行緒通訊?
就是多個執行緒對同一個共享資源,進行不同的操作。
介紹兩個API中的方法,這兩個是Object裡面的方法:
wait();等待,執行緒從執行狀態變為休眠狀態
notify();喚醒,執行緒從休眠狀態變為執行狀態
現在解決一下這樣一個案例:
兩個執行緒,面向一個倉庫進行讀寫操作,倉庫裡面用一個使用者類表示,裡面包括姓名和性別這兩個屬性,A執行緒往裡面寫,然後B執行緒立馬讀出來,這樣交替執行,該怎麼設計?
分析一下這個題目:倉庫裡面是兩個屬性,兩個執行緒同時對倉庫進行操作,肯定要同步,不然會出現資料混亂問題,然後考慮的是讓兩個執行緒交替執行,A執行緒寫完後要等待B執行緒讀出以後在繼續寫,這時候要用到執行緒之間的通訊。wait和notify的使用必須與synchronized一起使用,wait包括釋放鎖,並進入阻塞佇列這兩個語義,這兩步需要指定一個監視器來完成;notify是喚醒該執行緒,要想喚醒,首先需要知道該物件在哪兒,需要獲取該物件的鎖,才能去該物件對應的等待佇列去喚醒一個執行緒,只有已經釋放該物件鎖的執行緒,才能被喚醒然後去競爭該物件鎖。
為了更好的看出效果,我讓寫執行緒奇數和偶數是寫入不同的姓名和性別,看是否列印會出現資料混亂。
程式碼如下:
class User { String name; String sex; boolean flag = true; } class Write extends Thread { User user; public Write(User user) { this.user = user; } @Override public void run() { int count = 2; while (true) { synchronized (user) { if (!user.flag) { try { user.wait(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } } if (count % 2 == 0) { user.name = "周瑜"; user.sex = "男"; } else { user.name = "小喬"; user.sex = "女"; } count = (count + 1) % 2; user.notify(); user.flag = false; } } } } class Read extends Thread { User user; public Read(User user) { this.user = user; } @Override public void run() { while (true) { synchronized (user) { if (user.flag) { try { user.wait(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } System.out.println(user.name + "," + user.sex); user.notify(); user.flag = true; } } } } public class OutInputDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { User user = new User(); Write write = new Write(user); Read read = new Read(user); write.start(); read.start(); } } View Code
wait和sleep的區別:
wait位於同步中,需要釋放鎖的資源,需要被notify喚醒。
sleep不釋放鎖的資源,時間到自然醒。
Lock鎖
jdk1.5以後,併發包中新增了Lock介面及其相應的實現類來實現鎖的功能,提供了和synchronized一樣的同步功能,但是也有區別。
Lock和synchronized的區別:
synchronized是從程式碼開始上鎖,程式碼結束釋放鎖,完全自動化,這種鎖的效率低、擴充套件性不高。
Lock鎖屬於手動的,手動上鎖,手動釋放鎖,靈活性高
在Lock中,不能使用wait和notify,取而代之的為:
Condition 它的功能類似於Object.wait()和Object.notify()的功能。
Condition condition = lock.newCondition(); condition.await();//相當於wait condition.signal();//相當於notify
上面的案例用Lock鎖修改為:
class User2 { String name; String sex; boolean flag = true; Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(); } class Write2 extends Thread { User2 user; Condition condition; public Write2(User2 user,Condition condition) { this.user = user; this.condition = condition; } @Override public void run() { int count = 2; while (true) { try { user.lock.lock(); if (!user.flag) { try { condition.await(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { // TODO Auto-generated catch block e.printStackTrace(); } } if (count % 2 == 0) { user.name = "周瑜"; user.sex = "男"; } else { user.name = "小喬"; user.sex = "女"; } count = (count + 1) % 2; condition.signal(); user.flag = false; } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { user.lock.unlock(); } } } } class Read2 extends Thread { User2 user; Condition condition; public Read2(User2 user,Condition condition) { this.user = user; this.condition = condition; } @Override public void run() { while (true) { try { user.lock.lock(); if (user.flag) { try { condition.await(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } System.out.println(user.name + "," + user.sex); condition.signal(); user.flag = true; } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { user.lock.unlock(); } } } } public class OutInputDemo2 { public static void main(String[] args) { User2 user = new User2(); Condition condition = user.lock.newCondition(); Write2 write = new Write2(user,condition); Read2 read = new Read2(user,condition); write.start(); read.start(); } } View Code
怎麼來停止執行緒???
stop()???
這個方法已經被棄用,不推薦使用,太暴力,不可恢復,就會導致不安全。
我麼使用interrupt來停止執行緒,API中還有Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()來進行判斷是否中斷了執行緒,案例如下:
class StopThreadDemo2 extends Thread{ @Override public synchronized void run() { while(!Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()){ for (int i = 0; i < 30; i++) { System.out.println(i); } } System.out.println("Thread is interrupt!"); } } public class InterruptDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { StopThreadDemo2 stopThreadDemo = new StopThreadDemo2(); stopThreadDemo.start(); for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { if (i == 2) { stopThreadDemo.interrupt(); } System.out.println("主執行緒"+i); } } }
ThreadLocal
本地執行緒,為每一個執行緒提供一個區域性變數。
定義的變數不會共享,是自己的本地區域性變數。
看下面這個案例:
class Number { int count = 0; public int getNumber() { count = count + 1; return count; } } class ThreadLocalThread extends Thread { Number number; public ThreadLocalThread(Number number) { this.number = number; } @Override public void run() { for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + number.getNumber()); } } } public class ThreadLocalDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { Number number1 = new Number(); Number number2 = new Number(); Number number3 = new Number(); ThreadLocalThread threadLocalThread1 = new ThreadLocalThread(number1); ThreadLocalThread threadLocalThread2 = new ThreadLocalThread(number2); ThreadLocalThread threadLocalThread3 = new ThreadLocalThread(number3); threadLocalThread1.start(); threadLocalThread2.start(); threadLocalThread3.start(); } }
這個案例是三個執行緒分別用來生成自己的數字number,我們定義了三個Number物件,如果有100個執行緒,是不是需要定義100個number物件,該怎麼解決這個問題呢???
class Number { int count; public static ThreadLocal<Integer> threadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Integer>(){ protected Integer initialValue() {//初始化threadLocal.get()的值 return 0; }; }; public int getNumber() { count = threadLocal.get() + 1; threadLocal.set(count);//更新threadLocal裡面的值 return count; } } class ThreadLocalThread extends Thread { Number number; public ThreadLocalThread(Number number) { this.number = number; } @Override public void run() { for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ":" + number.getNumber()); } } } public class ThreadLocalDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { Number number = new Number(); ThreadLocalThread threadLocalThread1 = new ThreadLocalThread(number); ThreadLocalThread threadLocalThread2 = new ThreadLocalThread(number); ThreadLocalThread threadLocalThread3 = new ThreadLocalThread(number); threadLocalThread1.start(); threadLocalThread2.start(); threadLocalThread3.start(); } }
通過get()和set()進行對本地區域性變數的更新。
原理:Map集合儲存
get()原始碼解析:
public T get() { Thread t = Thread.currentThread();//獲取當前執行緒 ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t);//獲取當前執行緒的ThreadLocalMap集合, if (map != null) {//判斷是否存在該執行緒的Map集合 ThreadLocalMap.Entry e = map.getEntry(this);//然後就判斷該集合裡面是否有該物件的值,有的話,就返回存在的值,沒有就返回初始值 if (e != null) { @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") T result = (T)e.value; return result; } } return setInitialValue(); }
set()原始碼:
public void set(T value) {//獲取當前執行緒,看是否存在ThreadLocalMap,存在就直接放裡面放值,不存在就建立一個ThreadLocalMap Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); ThreadLocalMap map = getMap(t); if (map != null) map.set(this, value); else createMap(t, value); }