Serialization is the process of converting a data structure or object into a sequence of bits so that it can be stored in a file or memory buffer, or transmitted across a network connection link to be reconstructed later in the same or another computer environment.

Design an algorithm to serialize and deserialize a binary search tree. There is no restriction on how your serialization/deserialization algorithm should work. You just need to ensure that a binary search tree can be serialized to a string and this string can be deserialized to the original tree structure.

The encoded string should be as compact as possible.

Note: Do not use class member/global/static variables to store states. Your serialize and deserialize algorithms should be stateless.

這道題讓我們對二叉搜尋樹序列化和去序列化，跟之前那道Serialize and Deserialize Binary Tree極其相似，雖然題目中說編碼成的字串要儘可能的緊湊，但是我們並沒有發現跟之前那題有何不同，而且也沒有看到能夠利用BST性質的方法，姑且就按照之前題目的解法來寫吧：

解法一：

class Codec {
public:

    // Encodes a tree to a single string.
    string serialize(TreeNode* root) {
         ostringstream os;
         serialize(root, os);
         return os.str();
    }

    // Decodes your encoded data to tree.
    TreeNode* deserialize(string data) {
        istringstream 
 
is(data);
        return deserialize(is);
    }
    
    void serialize(TreeNode* root, ostringstream& os) {
        if (!root) os << "# ";
        else {
            os << root->val << " ";
            serialize(root->left, os);
            serialize(root->right, os);
        }
    }
    
    TreeNode* deserialize(istringstream& is) {
        string val = "";
        is >> val;
        if (val == "#") return NULL;
        TreeNode* node = new TreeNode(stoi(val));
        node->left = deserialize(is);
        node->right = deserialize(is);
        return node;
    }
};

另一種方法是層序遍歷的非遞迴解法，這種方法略微複雜一些，我們需要藉助queue來做，本質是BFS演算法，也不是很難理解，就是BFS演算法的常規套路稍作修改即可，參見程式碼如下：

解法二：

class Codec {
public:

    // Encodes a tree to a single string.
    string serialize(TreeNode* root) {
        if (!root) return "";
        ostringstream os;
        queue<TreeNode*> q;
        q.push(root);
        while (!q.empty()) {
            TreeNode *t = q.front(); q.pop();
            if (t) {
            os << t->val << " ";
            q.push(t->left);
            q.push(t->right);
            } else {
                os << "# ";
            }
        }
        return os.str();
    }

    // Decodes your encoded data to tree.
    TreeNode* deserialize(string data) {
        if (data.empty()) return NULL;
        istringstream is(data);
        queue<TreeNode*> q;
        string val = "";
        is >> val;
        TreeNode *res = new TreeNode(stoi(val)), *cur = res;
        q.push(cur);
        while (!q.empty()) {
            TreeNode *t = q.front(); q.pop();
            if (!(is >> val)) break;
            if (val != "#") {
                cur = new TreeNode(stoi(val));
                q.push(cur);
                t->left = cur;
            }
            if (!(is >> val)) break;
            if (val != "#") {
                cur = new TreeNode(stoi(val));
                q.push(cur);
                t->right = cur;
            }
        }
        return res;
    }
};

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參考資料：