/*
*標準庫string型別
*Zhi-Yun Deng
*2013-11-01
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <string> //標準庫string型別標頭檔案
#include <cctype> //string物件中字元的處理函式的標頭檔案

using std::string; //string型別的using宣告
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;

int main()
{
    int n = 4;
    string s1; //預設建構函式，s1為空串
    string s2(s1); //將s2初始化為s1的一個副本
    string s3("value"); //將s3初始化為一個字串字面值副本
    string s4(n, 'c'); //將s4初始化為字元‘c’的n個副本

    cout << "1、string物件的定義和初始化" << endl;
    cout << "s1: " << s1 << endl;
    cout << "s2: " << s2 << endl;
    cout << "s3: " << s3 << endl;
    cout << "s4: " << s4 << endl;
    cout << "****************************************\n" << endl;

    cout << "2、string物件的讀寫" << endl;
    string word;
    while(cin >> word)
    {
        cout << "讀入未知數目的string物件，word：" << word << endl;
        if(word == "break")
            break;
    }

    string line;
    while(getline(cin, line))
    {
        cout << "用getline讀取整行文字，line：" << line << endl;
        if(line == "break")
            break;
    }
    cout << "****************************************\n" << endl;


    cout << "3、string物件的操作" << endl;
    string st("The expense of spirit\n");
    cout << "The size of " << st << "is " << st.size()
         << " characters, including the newline" << endl;
    if(!st.size()==0)
        cout << st.size() << endl;
    if(!st.empty())
        cout << st.size() << endl;

    s2 = s3;
    cout << "string物件的賦值，s2=s3，s2：" << s2 << endl;

    s1 = "hello";
    s2 = "world";
    s3 = s1 + ", ";
    s4 = s1 + ", " + "world";
    cout << "s1: " << s1 << "\t size: "<< s1.size() << endl;
    cout << "s2: " << s2 << "\t size: "<< s2.size() << endl;
    cout << "s3: " << s3 << "\t size: "<< s3.size() << endl;
    cout << "s4: " << s4 << "\t size: "<< s4.size() << endl;

    for(string::size_type ix=0; ix!=s4.size(); ++ix)
        cout << s4[ix] << endl;
    for(string::size_type ix=0; ix!=s4.size(); ++ix)
        s4[ix]='*';
    cout << "s4: " << s4 << "\t size: "<< s4.size() << endl;
    cout << "****************************************\n" << endl;


    cout << "4、string物件中字元的處理" << endl;
    string testStr("123abcABC *&^%$#@()-+=,.;'?/\n\t\r!~");
    string::size_type alnum_cnt(0); //統計字母或數字的個數
    string::size_type alpha_cnt(0); //統計字母的個數
    string::size_type digit_cnt(0); //統計數字的個數
    string::size_type print_cnt(0); //統計可列印字元的個數
    string::size_type graph_cnt(0); //統計除空格外可列印的字元的個數
    string::size_type space_cnt(0); //統計空白字元的個數
    string::size_type lower_cnt(0); //統計小寫字母的個數
    string::size_type upper_cnt(0); //統計大寫字母的個數
    string::size_type punct_cnt(0); //統計標點符號的個數
    string::size_type cntrl_cnt(0); //統計控制字元的個數
    string::size_type xdigit_cnt(0); //統計十六進位制數的個數

    cout << "testStr的字元個數：" << testStr.size() << endl;
    for(string::size_type index=0; index!=testStr.size(); ++index)
    {
        if(isalnum(testStr[index]))
            ++alnum_cnt;
        if(isalpha(testStr[index]))
            ++alpha_cnt;
        if(isdigit(testStr[index]))
            ++digit_cnt;
        if(isprint(testStr[index]))
            ++print_cnt;
        if(isgraph(testStr[index]))
            ++graph_cnt;
        if(isspace(testStr[index]))
            ++space_cnt;
        if(islower(testStr[index]))
            ++lower_cnt;
        if(isupper(testStr[index]))
            ++upper_cnt;
        if(ispunct(testStr[index]))
            ++punct_cnt;
        if(iscntrl(testStr[index]))
            ++cntrl_cnt;
        if(isxdigit(testStr[index]))
        {
            cout << testStr[index] << endl;
            ++xdigit_cnt;
        }
    }
    cout << "alnum_cnt: " << alnum_cnt << endl;
    cout << "alpha_cnt: " << alpha_cnt << endl;
    cout << "digit_cnt: " << digit_cnt << endl;
    cout << "print_cnt: " << print_cnt << endl;
    cout << "graph_cnt: " << graph_cnt << endl;
    cout << "space_cnt: " << space_cnt << endl;
    cout << "lower_cnt: " << lower_cnt << endl;
    cout << "upper_cnt: " << upper_cnt << endl;
    cout << "punct_cnt: " << punct_cnt << endl;
    cout << "cntrl_cnt: " << cntrl_cnt << endl;
    cout << "xdigit_cnt: " << xdigit_cnt << endl;

    for(string::size_type index=0; index != testStr.size(); ++index)
        testStr[index] = tolower(testStr[index]);
    cout << "tolower: " << testStr << endl;
    for(string::size_type index=0; index != testStr.size(); ++index)
        testStr[index] = toupper(testStr[index]);
    cout << "toupper: " << testStr << endl;

    cout << "****************************************\n" << endl;
    return 0;
}